The Current Osha Recordkeeping Regulation 29 Cfr 1904 Example For Students

The Current Osha Recordkeeping Regulation 29 Cfr 1904 Under the current OSHA recordkeeping guideline 29 CFR 1904, bosses are required to keep up an exact record of work environment wounds and sicknesses. Data contained in these records is significant in helping OSHA distinguish work environment dangers and actualizing insurances to lessen dangers inside the workplace.1 Recording and detailing a business related injury â€Å"does not imply that the business or worker was to blame † or that an OSHA rule has been violated.2 It is essentially intended to illuminate OSHA, bosses, and representatives of likely risks. Exemptions to this standard incorporate businesses with less than 10 full time workers and some generally safe enterprises, for example, retail, fund, protection or genuine estate.1 However, all businesses must report episodes prompting a casualty or the hospitalization of at least three employees.3 A proposed rule changes 29 CFR 1904.41 to include three new electronic detailing strategies. The remark time frame for this p roposed rule terminated on October 14, 2014 and is presently in the last phases of the standard creation process. We will compose a custom article on The Current Osha Recordkeeping Regulation 29 Cfr 1904 explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now This proposed rule alters 29 CFR 1904 in the accompanying manners: first, businesses with more than 250 representatives in the past schedule year will be required to submit electronic records each quarter. Second, businesses with more than 20 workers in the last schedule year will be required to electronically present their reports every year. Ultimately, all businesses that keep injury and ailment records are required to present these records electronically.4 Much of this data will be made publically accessible. Backers of these progressions state it will assist OSHA with choosing businesses that need interviews, permit organizations to contrast themselves with different organizations, help planned representatives settle on educated choices regarding where they need to work and permit representatives to check that their reports were submitted. Rivals name these progressions as â€Å"public shaming† and contend that it will do little to improve worker wellbeing in the work env ironment. Maine’s Department of Labor has remarked that the proposed rule can possibly humiliate the two specialists and representatives who have been associated with working environment accidents.5 Small organizations are at the most noteworthy hazard for worker shame since there are just a couple of representatives at every area. Publically accessible data from these reports would then be able to be sorted out to recognize the laborer associated with the mishap despite the fact that the name may not be posted.5 Besides, concerns were presented during the formal review that the proposed rule could result in under-announcing of wounds and diseases because of records being posted publically on the OSHA website.6 different rivals included that the standard could prompt bosses receiving rehearses that demoralize laborers from detailing mishaps. Models incorporate required medication testing after an episode, timeframes for revealing mishaps, and teaching workers who are recurrent guilty parties or decide not to follow the company’s wellbeing methods. Despite the fact that it very well may be contended that these strategies are ordinarily utilized arrangements to keep up a protected working environment, managers can utilize these approaches to hinder laborer announcing; in this manner, less occurrences will be publically accessible on OSHA’s 300 structure. OSHA’s basic objective with this proposed rule is to consider managers progressively responsible for work environment mishaps by making their exhibition increasingly straightforward to the general population. This unquestionably can influence the board conduct since online surveys are turning out to be increasingly more noticeable.4 However, alert must be taken in introducing this data to the general population. Will the normal individual have the option to contrast industry with industry or one site to another viably? Will the regular person have the option to genuinely comprehend and distinguish helpless performing organizations and better performing organizations, or will presumptions be made on the grounds that wounds are publically rattled off of setting? Whenever passed, the extra information got from this correction could be significant when investigated properly. Be that as it may, customarily the crude information distorts the real working environment condition by forgetting about basic subjective data. Tragically, the classification of the individual could be risked if an excess of data is publically accessible. From the data gave by OSHA, it is muddled whether the main drivers of wounds or sicknesses will be incorporated with the publically open information; assuming this is the case, the issue of secrecy must be first tended to. In any case, if just subjective information, (for example, the quantity of occurrences) is accounted for on the web, watchers may mistakenly decipher a workplace to be high-chance when as a general rule it would be viewed as just low to direct hazard. Understanding whether a physical issue was because of representative carelessness or inebriation is entirely different from business carelessness and ough t to be marked in that capacity. .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5 , .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5 .postImageUrl , .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5 , .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5:hover , .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5:visited , .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5:active { border:0!important; } .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5:active , .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5:hover { obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f6 2146b5e5 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u80a3595f83f4d5e504f924f62146b5e5:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Racism In America EssayThe OSHA has rolled out these improvements accepting that the new detailing techniques will make the framework less difficult, simpler to utilize and comprehend just as to refresh the information on which the framework is based.5 The modifications of the last principle will expand consistency in insights and revealing strategies. Furthermore, it will diminish the weight on businesses, lessen administrative work and lift the cost-viability of the standard. 7

Drug Testing vs. Employee Assi essays

Medication Testing versus Worker Assi papers Presentation: Drug Testing versus Worker Assistance Programs In our last gathering we were approached to offer recommendations on how we can reduce expenses. In investigating this I discovered some intriguing exploration on disposing of medication testing for Employee Assistance Programs. By wiping out our medication testing program, we will get rid of $1,000,000 in the expense of testing and furthermore lost representative profitability in the time it takes to manage the test. (ACLU 5) Also, in this season of low joblessness, it is more earnestly to enroll individuals with the correct abilities. The exploration shows that for individuals who just utilized medications once, the chance of a test will deflect them from going after a job with that organization. This report plots the consequences of examination I have done to offer an answer; a choice to sedate testing In the first place, I will talk about new discoveries on how compelling medication testing truly is. At that point, I will talk about Employee Assistance Programs addressing the accompanying inquiries, are Employee-Assistance Programs powerful. What right? How would they help? How accomplish they work? It is safe to say that they merit the issue? We have been shelled with the thought that medication use has arrived at scourge extents in the work power. That we have to screen for tranquilize clients since they produce messy work, cause mishaps, etc. What we should acknowledge is that most medications that can cause such issues are lawful. We should recall that lawful medications can likewise get addictive. We have consistently believed that the expense of our medication testing program is not exactly the expense of lost profitability because of medication use at work. Where did this data originate from? In 1986 President Ronald Regan gave and official request inciting pee testing for every single Federal representative. Presently, 81 percent of all organizations in the United States test their laborers. However, there was minimal logical proof to back these cases, so the advertisers of medication tests gave organizations their measurements and studies. I would I... <!

Constructivism Approach Essay Example for Free

Constructivism Approach Essay For motivations behind conversation the Constructivism Approach is picked to additionally dismember the significance of correspondence in law authorization. There are different correspondence procedures around nonetheless, Constructivism appears to be generally perfect for the correspondence necessities of exceptionally unpleasant circumstances present in law requirement. The Constructivism Approach to correspondence was first presented by Jesse Delia in 1982 (Bentley). The methodology depends on the 1967 Jean Piaget’s learning hypothesis of constructivism. The learning hypothesis recommends that individuals can shape importance in circumstances by applying realized data structures put away through past encounters. As it were, this hypothesis recommends that an individual, through impacts of culture, encounters, convictions and foundation structure data structures that fill in as the system for reacting to circumstances. Extra data might be gained yet this edge of thought as a rule stays consistent. Utilizing this as reason for his methodology, Delia portrays Constructivism in correspondence as being established independently and developed socially. This methodology represents that an individual understands the world however frameworks of individual develops (Constructivism). It is the capacity of one to adjust culture, comprehension and correspondence in reacting to circumstances. Constructivism of Delia is basically worried about the subjective procedures that go before the genuine correspondence (Delia, O’Keefe and O’Keefe). The methodology investigates the trading of data between the communicator and the recipient and the different realities that accompany it. A sound trade subsequently relies significantly upon the capacity of the communicator to send data that a collector can innovatively decipher and comprehend with thought to complexities of messages (Delia, O’Keefe, and O’Keefe). Constructivism further represents that implications advance and change (Bentley). Through social communications, develops are made and impressions and understandings are found out. Which means in this example is socially shared. Both communicator and collector are affected by a little part of their own develops in deciphering occasions. The constructivist accepts that the complexities in relational intellectual trade is exceptionally reliant on how best in class a person’s social-subjective working is. Basically this suggests the more an individual creates complexity in intellectual working, the more probable this individual will have the option to mix the progression of correspondence towards an increasingly generous course. The constructivist likewise accepts that the develop arrangement of an individual creates â€Å"communication-and objective situated beliefs† (Delia, O’Keefe and O’Keefe). These convictions give a guided insight of circumstances to shape a vital conduct towards them. What's more, since correspondence is fundamentally a field that is established on influence, procuring a refined build framework is basic. Simultaneously an individual having complex psychological working is well on the way to deliver individual focused messages that make an all the more captivating trade between two individuals. This is gainful when applied to circumstances that end up being tense or at any rate burdening. The statute of Constructivism as a way to deal with correspondence is that it is socially grown anyway separately established. Individuals build up their arrangement of develops dependent on their introduction to culture, convictions, encounters and foundation. These develops are comparative with the individual and are as differing as everybody. Having said that, how at that point would Constructivism help in law authorization? In the past passages a few instances of late documentation of police fierceness were sited. There are a few ongoing ideas in these models. Be that as it may, three of the most widely recognized of these strings will be examined for this paper. First is race. A large number of these recorded episodes include racial minorities. The United States plays host to numerous grown-up workers, frequently who can't communicate in English. Also, generally settlers construct their own networks wherein the utilization of their first language is common. In this way, more established migrants have an increasingly troublesome time adjusting to the new dialect. Association with different races turns into a trial.

Msc International Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Msc International Finance - Essay Example A portion of the explanations behind this end are: The Company works in an enormous number of remote nations; the monetary standards of these nations by and large don't move a similar way simultaneously. Then again, numerous organizations with huge widespread systems, as IBM or Coca Cola, utilize subsidiary monetary devices to support money and in this manner increment investor esteem. Monetary or corporate dangers are dangers which stems because of the varieties in costs. These dangers are guileful, and legitimately or by implication control the value of an organization. Extraordinary deregulation, rivalry at the universal level, paces of intrigue and remote swapping scale flimsiness, alongside product value divisions which showed up from the late 1960s, aggravated corporate vexations. This brought about the changed essentialness of monetary hazard the board in the years that followed (Allen and Santomero, 1998). Preceding subsidiaries markets were truly detailed, the method of managing corporate bets was not many, and thusly budgetary dangers were not inside the extent of administrative control. The options in contrast to which the organizations turn under such conditions were to set up plants abroad with the goal that the hazard in money trade rates was limited. A few firms received common supporting by endeavoring to adjust the money constitution of their benefits and liabilities (Santomero, 1995). Allen and Santomero, (1998) express that â€Å"During the 1980s and 1990s, markets for subordinate instruments have created and developed at an amazing pace, and numerous enterprises have become dynamic members in subsidiaries markets. From that point forward, the range and nature of both trade exchanged and OTC subordinates, along with the profundity of the market for such instruments, have extended intensively.† The development of the subsidiaries advertise, dynamic hazard the board turned into an essential part of current corporate technique. This is confirm by the way that

Memory and attention

Dorothy Irene Height was conceived March 24, 1912 in Richmond, Virginia to Fannie Burroughs and James Height. Both of Height's folks had been bereft twice previously and each carried youngsters to the marriage. Fannie Burroughs and James Height had two youngsters together, Dorothy and her sister Anthanette. In 1916 the family moved north to Rankin, Pennsylvania (close to Pittsburgh) where Height went to state funded schools. Tallness' mom was dynamic in the Pennsylvania Federation of Colored Women's Clubs and consistently took Dorothy along to gatherings where she early settled her â€Å"place in the sisterhood.Height's long relationship with the YWCA started in a Girl Reserve Club in Rankin sorted out under the sponsorship of the Pittsburgh YWCA. An excited member, who was before long chosen President of the Club, Height was shocked to discover that her race banished her from swimming in the pool at the focal YWCA branch. â€Å"l was just twelve years of age. I had never known abo ut ‘social activity,' nor seen anybody occupied with it, however I scarcely calmly inhaled before saying that I might want to see the official director,† Height related in her 2003 diary. In spite of the fact that her contentions couldn't realize an adjustment in approach in 1920s Pittsburgh,Height later devoted quite a bit of her professionl vitality to carrying significant change to the YWCA. Needing cash to go to school, Height participated in an expressive challenge supported by the IBPO Elks. Her discourse on the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U. S. Constitution won her an entire four-year grant. Turned down for admission to Barnard on the grounds that the school's quantity of two African-American understudies every year was at that point filled, Height rather went to New York University where she earned a B. S. in the School of Education in 1932 and a M. A. in brain research n 1934.From 1934-37, Height worked in the New York City Department of Welfare, an encounter she attributed with showing her the abilities to manage strife without increasing it. From that point she moved to a Job as an advocate at the YWCA of New York City, Harlem Branch, in the fall of 1937. Not long after Joining the staff there, Height met Mary McLeod Bethune and Eleanor Roosevelt at a gathering of the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) held at the YWCA. In her 2003 journal, Height portrayed the gathering: â€Å"On that fall day the redoubtable Mary McLeod Bethune put her hand on me.She brought me into her astonishing circle of individuals in force and individuals in poverty†¦. ‘The opportunity entryways are half slightly open,' she said. ‘We must pry them completely open. ‘ I have been focused on the calling from that point forward. † The next year Height filled in as Acting Director of the YWCA of New York City's Emma Ransom House habitation. Notwithstanding her YWCA and NCNW work, Height was additionally ext remely dynamic in the United Christian Youth Movement, a gathering strongly keen on relating confidence to certifiable issues. In 1939 Height went to Washington, DC to be Executive of the Phyllis Wheatley Branch of the DC YWCA.She came back to New York City to Join the YWCA national staff in the fall of 1944, Joining the program staff with â€Å"special responsibility† in the field of Interracial Relations. This work included preparing exercises, composing, and working with the Public Affairs board of trustees on race issues where her â€Å"insight into the disposition and sentiment of both white and negro individuals [was] intensely relied on. † It was during this period that the YWCA embraced its Interracial Charter (1946), which not fght against unfairness based on race, â€Å"whether in the network, the country or he world. Persuaded that isolation causes bias through antagonism, Height encouraged gatherings, ran workshops, and composed articles and handouts plann ed for helping white YWCA individuals rise above their feelings of dread and align their day by day exercises with the Association's standards. In 1950 Height moved to the Training Services division where she concentrated fundamentally on proficient preparing for YWCA staff. She spent the fall of 1952 in India as a meeting educator at the Delhi School of Social Work, at that point came back to her preparation work in New York City.The expanding omentum of the Civil Rights development incited the YWCA's National Board to dispense assets to dispatch a nation wide Action Program for Integration and Desegregation of Community YWCAs in 1963. Tallness accepting leave from her situation as Associate Director for Training to head this two-year Action Program. Toward the finish of that period, the National Board received a proposition to quicken the work â€Å"in going past token mix and making an intense ambush on all parts of racial isolation. It set up an Office of Racial Integration (re -named Office of Racial Justice in 1969) as a feature of the Executive Office. In her job as its first Director, Height assisted with observing the Association's advancement toward full mix, stayed informed concerning the social equality development, encouraged â€Å"honest dialogue,† supported the Association in utilizing its African-American administration (both volunteer and stafO, and aided in their enlistment and maintenance.

Ways to Improve Your Self-Awareness

Ways to Improve Your Self-Awareness © Shutterstock.com | PlusONEIn this article, you are going to learn about 1) an introduction to being self-aware, 2) the importance of self-awareness, 3) how the Johari Window works, and 4) how to improve your self-awareness.INTRODUCTION TO BEING SELF-AWAREThey say that, before knowing anything else, you have to know who you are first â€" your strengths, your weaknesses, your desires and motivations, your personal beliefs and perceptions. You have to be in touch with your emotions. In other words, you have to be self-aware.You have to have the capacity for introspection.The concept of self-awareness, or self-knowledge, is quite old although largely ignored.Today, world leaders, business executives, managers and pretty much anyone in positions of power are cognizant of the importance of being self-aware.Emotional intelligence has become a very important facet of an individual’s personality. Even when looking for a job, for example, employers no longer rely solely on documents that serve as proof of one’s intelligence and proficiency, as well as the level of his skills and expertise. They also take the person’s emotional intelligence in consideration, and one of the aspects of emotional intelligence is self-awareness.Often, we find the concept of self-awareness confusing. Our limited view makes us think that it is simply about knowing who we are, what we have and what we lack. But it is actually much broader than that.The self-aware person is someone:Who knows what he is good at, and what he lacksWho acknowledges that he still has much to learnWho readily admits that he does not know the answer or that he does not have the solutionWho owns up to his mistakes, accepting that something is due to his fault or shortcomings, and makes apologies for themWho actually listens during conversations and asks the right and necessary questionsWho think before acting, considering how their actions will affect othersWho are aware of other people’s social cues and are a ble to “read the atmosphere”Being self-aware is not something that is limited only to business people or professionals in their work settings. It is a quality that all human beings should possess.Watch this video and think about those important questions: Who am I with? What am I doing? Where am I doing this? THE IMPORTANCE OF SELF-AWARENESS“Know thyself” is a phrase that you have probably heard one too many times before, and you probably even think that you do know yourself.However, once you start looking deeper, you are surprised at the things that you discover. You might even think, at one point, whether that person you are looking at, is really you. If you get to that point, you have to give yourself a pat on the back. It means you are starting to become self-aware.Why is it so important to become self-aware? What will we get out of it? Would it not be enough for us to have a vague idea of who we are, what we want, and what we feel, and start from there? After all, isn†™t life supposed to be one long journey of discovery? So it should be okay to be a bit unaware, shouldn’t it?Well, there is a bit of truth in that, but the journey has already started, and if you are on already walking that path, you might as well get started on working on your self-awareness.So let us identify the reasons why self-awareness is very important.For self-improvement: Self-improvement is considered to the main purpose of introspection. One cannot know that there is something within them that needs to be changed unless they recognize what is wrong or lacking with them and, for that, there is a need for introspection. When you are self-aware, you know and understand your own failings, weaknesses, and flaws. Once you know what they are, you can get to work in correcting and improving them.For establishment of your identity and individuality: Many people go through life not really entirely sure about their goals, much less their desires and short-term objectives. So they often find themselves caught in moments of indecision, and they end up not moving forward at all. They do not know who they are, so how can they expect to go anywhere? If you know who you are and you are clear on your identity, you will have more confidence â€" in making important choices and decisions, in your actions and in the conduct of your relationships with other people. You are able to identify what your areas of strengths are, so you know how to build on them. You will feel more empowered to make changes because you clearly know what aspects of yourself you would like to improve on. Ultimately, this will enable you to enjoy your uniqueness as an individual.For goal setting: Becoming self-aware is your first step towards mastering your life. You will be able to create what you want precisely because you KNOW what you want. Your self-awareness will give you the guidance that you need and point you to the right direction. Since you are in control of your emotions, you will kno w where to focus your thoughts, emotions, and efforts. You can set your goals, and go about achieving them, one by one.For harmonious relationships: Whether personal or professional, relationships take a lot of work, and they are vulnerable to emotional turmoil and upheaval. If you are in control of your emotions, you can also have control on how your relationships go. Getting a handle on relationships is a trait of a self-aware individual, because it means that they can easily adapt to an environment where they have to interact with other people.Leaders, in particular, are expected to have high levels of self-awareness, because one simply cannot lead without it. Being self-aware lends a sense of purpose and authenticity to a leader, and gives them the ability to be more open and the willingness to trust. This way, they are in the best position to maintain balance within the organization that they lead.Learn more about the impact of self-awareness on leadership styles.[slideshare id =40610299doc=herseymob10imch11-141022152834-conversion-gate01type=dw=640h=330]APPLICATION OF THE JOHARI WINDOW IN SELF-AWARENESSWe cannot talk about self-awareness without touching on the Johari Window, a tool that is popular for use in understanding relationships with oneself and with others. It is considered to be a very useful tool for the analysis of self-awareness so as to improve on it.The Johari Window has four regions or areas, representing the Self.Open Area â€" what a person knows about himself that is also known by other people. This is the part that is considered an open book. Everyone, especially you, knows about it. Of course, there may be differences in how you view yourself and how others see you, but the point is that you are aware of it, and so are the others.Blind Area â€" what a person does not know about himself, but is known by other people. There are things that others see in you, but you are completely unaware of. For example, some people may view you as some one who is arrogant or full of yourself, when you think that you are simply confident. Or they may think that you have the potential to be a good leader if you only try, while stepping up to lead is a concept that sounds very alien and scary to you.Hidden Area â€" what a person knows about himself, but is not known by others. These are the parts that you keep private, and refuse to show to others, for reasons that may be known only to you.There are people who claim to be leading “double lives”, where they show one side to others, but are keeping an aspect of themselves hidden from view.Unknown Area â€" what a person does not know about himself, that is also unknown by others. This is the part of yourself that no one knows about, least of all you. When they are tapped into or unleashed, you will be surprising both yourself and the people around you.Groups of individuals, employees and managers are often made to accomplish the Johari Window so they can get an idea of their levels of self-awareness. This has also become widely used in corporate settings, with the purpose of improving employees’ personal development, improvement of their communication skills, interpersonal relationships and teamwork or group dynamics.HOW TO IMPROVE SELF-AWARENESSDespite the large number of self-help books that supposedly teach you how to develop self-awareness, it is a reality that becoming self-aware is not something that one can learn in a formal setting, or simply from reading one or two books on the topic from cover to cover.Development of self-awareness takes time and a lot of effort on the part of the person trying to develop it. It requires a lot of practice, and the person has to pay a lot of attention on his own personality and behavior, and how it relates to external forces and factors.This is how you improve your self-awareness. Recognize your Strengths and WeaknessesTake a good, long look at yourself and identify the traits or characteristics that you think are y our strengths.Now look at the habits that you deem to be your weaknesses.Along with this, you also have to know what your priorities and plans are. What are the things that are important to you? What are those that take precedence above the others?Observe: Never underestimate the power of observation. Of course, you should start from observing yourself. How do you act under certain situations? How do you react to others in a specific circumstance? Then turn your observant eye outward. How do other people react to you? How they react to you will tell you a lot about yourself. For example, if you notice people acting warily around you, it may be because you give off the impression that you are easily provoked. If your subordinates rarely talk when you are around when they are chatterboxes when you are out of the room, it must mean that they have trouble interacting with you because you give them the impression that you are difficult to talk to.Write them down: It never hurts to keep a record. Keeping a journal is a great way of keeping a record of your journey towards improving your self-awareness. Writing your thoughts, emotions, and feelings is a good outlet; at the same time, it serves as an excellent source material or reference. Read what you have written, and you may discover something about yourself.Try new experiences: Sampling new things will teach you a thing or two about yourself. This is all about stepping out of your comfort zone and trying something that you have never tried before. Because things are unfamiliar, you are bound to respond in new and different ways that you never thought possible. Travelling is also another way to discover things about yourself. You may not have known before that you have a penchant for learning new languages until you started travelling to new places. You may also discover that you have an untapped interest in history and culture.Take tests: There are several psychometric tests that you can try taking in order to as sess your level of self-awareness. The results will then tell you whether you need to make changes, and in what areas you should make them in. Some examples of these tests are the Myers-Briggs and the Predictive Index. One of the reasons that people shy away from these types of tests is because (a) they deem them to be a waste of time; (b) the results are not conclusive and, therefore, cannot be entirely trusted; and (c) they are afraid that they may not like the results.Anything that will help you improve your personality and self-awareness is not a waste of time.This is especially true if you are planning to improve your self-awareness; you will need all the help you can get. You also have to keep in mind that, in these tests, there are no definitive right or wrong answers. They are simply used to arrive at an assessment of your personality.As for the third reason, well, tough. If you go into this with preconceived notions of what the results are and you are not open to these noti ons being proven wrong, then it is clear that you are yet far from being self-aware.Listen to your Inner VoiceThere are several suggested ways to go about this.Meditate: This can be as simple as inhaling and exhaling, focusing on one’s breathing, or as elaborate as dimming the lights in the room, closing all the windows, lighting candles and scents, sitting down and closing your eyes, and reflecting deeply. The method of meditating will mostly depend on the person, on what he is most comfortable in and what works best. There are even people who view routine chores as part of their meditative process. It is easier for them to be in a reflective mood when they are, say, writing poetry, dancing, painting, or taking the dog on a walk.Yoga and tai chi: If you are healthy in both mind and body, you have a greater chance at improving your self-awareness. Both are disciplines that will help improve your outlook and your health at the same time. Obtain FeedbackActively ask family and frien ds: If you are curious how others perceive you, then go right ahead and ask them. Pick the family members and friends whom you trust will give you an honest and unbiased answer. Ask them what they truly think of you and your actions, and be gracious about it. You have to be careful how you ask them, though. Saying “tell me what you honestly think of me, but you have to be careful, or our friendship is over” is definitely going to go down the wrong way with your friends. Ask them to be straight with you, and that you will not take it against them, whatever their answer is. Whatever they tell you, you have to carefully take into consideration. Even if you initially do not agree and would actually like to protest to what they are saying, you should not immediately react negatively. Sit down and think carefully: Why did they say such things? Is there truth to their observations?Get regular feedback at work: You are lucky if you work in a company that has an effective formal feedback process for your evaluation. You can use the results to better assess your own strengths and weaknesses, and how they relate to your personal and professional growth and development.Undergo coaching: Coaching is highly encouraged, especially in corporate settings, to help employees increase their self-awareness. When an opportunity presents itself to undergo coaching by an external party, grab it. Through coaching, you will also receive feedback from the coaches that you can use to change or improve your perspective.Listen: This is probably one of the more crucial steps. When you are being given feedback, listen. You may find it difficult at first to accept what they are saying, especially if they are criticisms, and your first impulse may be to close your ears and say that they do not know what they are talking about. However, you should listen to what they have to say.Self-awareness is now one of the most important traits that every individual â€" not just employees and leaders â €" must possess in order to succeed in life. It is never too late to get started. We all have the capacity for self-awareness. We just have to improve on it, so it can take use where we want to go.

Factors Led To The Development Of The Whitopias - 550 Words

Factors Led To The Development Of The Whitopias (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: * According to the speaker, what factors led to the development of the whitopias he describes? What "pushed" and what "pulled" this development? How are the factors involved in the push-pull reinforced by our culture? By mass media? With this in mind, why is deepening our understanding of diversity important? How is it a component of developing better communication with each other?The whitopia that Rich Benjamin describes came about as a result of white immigrants, increased populations that are at a range of a six percentage since the year two thousand and these white folks have an indescribable charm. This development came about as a result of the need to get away from racial protestations say in those that occurred in Los Angeles, the need to stay away from other races and illegal immigrants and social problems. These include: congested schools and the separatist idealism and conservatism amongst the white folks living in these Whitopias.The factors aforementioned are reinforced by the American culture in the sense that the society despite the years of freedom it has had, it has not changed. Racism is still rampant seen with skin color being at its helm. This is noted by the adage that a black person at a dinner is a guest while a group of black people together is a ghetto.

Examining the Article Managers’ Business School Education...

Recently, the public take notice of corporate lawbreaking because of scandals on Wall Street in past years (Jaboub, 1995) and headline of prosecution to global organizations on the media, for instance, Exxon, Nippon, IBM and Samsung (Corporate Crime Reporter). These corporate criminal activities not only raised remarkable economic losses for stockholders (William et al., 2000) but also eliminated benefits of the public (Jaboub, 1995). Therefore, the researches of corporate crime are argued for many decades in different fields, such as criminology and sociology (McKendall and Wagner, 1997). What this essay attempts to illustrate is to briefly summarize the article stated by William et al. (2000) and examine the main argument within the†¦show more content†¦Similar correlation in military experience is that the more managerial staff with prior military service among TMT, the more corporate criminal act are committed in large firms. On the other hand, there is negative corr elation between return on assets (ROA) and citations. The result also commended a surprising finding that TMT tenure has a significant influence certainly on corporate misbehavior while some researchers suggest that managers with short tenure would commonly more involve in corporate wrongdoing. Further study focused on TMT tenure is carried out in research of William et al. (2005). Within this essay, the statistics design and main arguments of this article would be evaluated. To begin with, the sample quantity of firm is 184 (TMT data is reachable) Fortune 500 companies which is fewer compared with prior researches which were related to firm size (Lane, 1953: 275 firms; Cochran and Nigh, 1987: 485 firms; Dalton and Kesner, 1988: 384 firms). Only 202 (In fact, 184) of 500 companies which remain in Fortune 500 during period of year 1991 to 1994 as shown in this study probably promoted the increasing competitive environment at that time. 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The Efficiency Of Animal Testing - 1394 Words

Assignment There are 33 glaring errors in grammar and MLA format in the following essay. Identify each one. (Note that finding more than 33 does not give you extra, bonus points, though good for you for pointing out more than the obvious errors.) The Efficiency of Animal Testing For many years, the primary way to make advances in biomedical science was through experimentation on animals, also known as vivisection. This method involves using different species of animals in experiments and developmental procedures to determine toxicity, dosing, and effectiveness of test drugs before proceeding to human clinical trials. However; the use of animals in testing laboratories is becoming less common due to improved alternative options. Animal experimentation is unreliable and less efficient than the alternative options. Animals have been used in experimentation and testing as long as humans have been curious. Testing on animals’ dates back to second century Rome, when a physician named Galen began dissecting goats and pigs, a practice which later earned him the title â€Å"the father of vivisection.† The first observations of true significance to modern science are said to be made in the 1600s, when William Harvey used animals to observe and describe the blood circulatory system. Years Later, in the early nineteenth century, Louis Pasteur infected sheep with anthrax, thus proving the germ theory of medicine – an important advancement which proved that infections did not ariseShow MoreRelatedThe Cruelty of Animal Testing1644 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is a completely unnecessary act of cruelty and should not be allowed for various reasons. It is superfluous for innocent animals to undergo chemical testing of any sort, not only do they suffer, but there are other more hu mane alternatives to test products. Many people who are in favor of animal testing do not know of these safer more humane alternatives. Many methods have been developed to help stop animal testing, and improve the health system of all human beings. A significantRead MoreInformative Speech : Product Testing On Animals785 Words   |  4 PagesTYPE OF SPEECH: Persuasive Speech Topic: Product testing on animals Purpose Statement: Keep from testing cosmetics on animals. Thesis Statement: Animals are forced to try products. From forced eating to wearing l oreal makeup. Organizational Pattern: Problem- Solution --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Introduction Attention Getter (Capture): Have you ever wished for a rabbit or a guinea pig? Motivate: Most of theRead MoreShould Animals Be Used for Research in the Cosmetic Industry?533 Words   |  3 PagesShould animals be used for research in cosmetic industry? Animal testing is widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products. These experiments can cause pain to the animals involved or reduce their quality of life in other ways. Animal experimenters are aware of this problem and agree that the testing should be made as humane as possible. While this practice has been followed for years now, some people still strongly believe that it is a cruel act and should be permanentlyRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing822 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing refers to procedures that take place in human clinical trials and it involves dosing, toxicity and efficiency of drugs. â€Å" Humans beings have long used animals as test subjects for a variety of purposes.† (â€Å"Animal†) which violates the living rights of animals. Animals and people are alike in many ways, as close relatives we both feel, think , behave and experience pain therefore animals should be treated with the same value and respec t as humans. Animal testing is inhumane and itRead More animal rights Essays835 Words   |  4 PagesThrough Animals For decades, mankind has used animals to progress efficiently in scientific research. Animal testing is important for medical science and other beneficial experiments. Many citizens criticize scientists for testing on animals for unnecessary means other than medical research. Many of today’s current vaccines and disease treatments would have been delayed without the use of animals. People across the globe have been saved through organ transplants by persistent research on animals. ManyRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned965 Words   |  4 PagesAnimals Have Feelings Too! In the world we live in today there is a pet present in over fifty-one percent of the families. Because we are talking about in the world the types of pets can ran range from a cat or dog to a giraffe or elephant. To the owners of these animals they are not just pets, but members of their family. 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It has also grown at a great rate over the last few decades â€Å"Dr Laura water, science festival 2012† accompanied with rising questions and arguments which include types of testing methods that are most likely to identify drugs that are unsafe for humans, demerits of drug and medical testing on animals and Lastly whether animal experiments are useful. This essay will discuss the arguments, questionsRead MoreShould Animal Welfare Laws Be Enforced?1332 Words   |  6 Pagesof whether or not you will ever get to go outside to run around again. This situation is the life of a laboratory animal. Experimenting on animals is like being in jail so the guards can figure out a human responds to the environm ent. Animal testing is defined as processes implemented on living creatures for the purpose of studying natural science and illnesses, measuring the efficiency of new medicines, and experimentation of human healthiness or environmental protection of business merchandise suchRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Research967 Words   |  4 Pageslegitimacy. Mylan Engle Jr.’s argument â€Å"The Commonsense Case against Animal Experimentation† in The Ethics of Animal Research attempts to answer the problems of animal research through use of common sense. He does this by trying to give and objective (middle ground) argument against animal research and points out what everyone would consider being inhumane treatment of animals. Engle says: My argument for the immorality of using animals as test subjects in biomedical research is predicated on several

Racial Discrimination The World Has More Than 6 Billion...

Hirenkumar Thummar Professor Ball HA 96F, Section 21 November 11, 2015 Title- Racial Discrimination in the workplace The world has more than 6 billion people with a diversity of human races and colors. Even Though, by means of nature, people used to see each other as white, black, Hispanic, Asian, American, African, etc. As humans spread throughout the globe, they adapted to one of a kind dwelling conditions while genetic mutations introduced precise traits to the people. Likewise, the concept of race, a group of people with genetic and physical features that different from another group of people, is a truth. Hence, racism is when the foundation of discrimination is race. This discrimination is most commonly the outcome of a perspective†¦show more content†¦A case in factor is that blacks have suffered from higher premiums of unemployment than whites. In January 2009, black unemployment rate used to be 12.7% compared to a 7.1% unemployment scale for whites. Reviews point out that, in reality, discrimination undoubtedly contributes to the black-white unemployment hole. The average unemploy ment rate for Blacks in 2011 was 16.7 percent, compared to 7.9 percent for Whites. It shows that almost double black didn’t get job because they belongs to other community. Compare to 2009, unemployment rate in 2011 for black is increased and for white is decreased. Crossroads Antiracism Organizing Training, The work of Crossroads is based upon a systemic analysis of racism and its personal, organized and ethnic manifestations. Crossroads seeks to be accountable in its work to those who share a common study of racialism, and especially to societies of color. Crossroads work for national and global movement for racial justice and social equality. Organization recognizes that resistance to racism also requires resistance to all other forms of social discrimination and injustice. The power analysis of racism makes clear the fundamental dynamic of institutional racism: that institutions are not, and have never been, accountable to People of Color. What are needed are new values that are outward oriented with an overarching bias toward effectiveness. The need for these values begins to emerge

The Ethics Of Medical And Biological Fields - 3307 Words

In this current day and age, science and technology are moving forward at a rapid pace. This can lead to great strides and benefits in the medical and biological fields but also gives rise to ethical and moral questioning. Scientist worry that their research will be stifled by new laws and restrictions, while society fears that these researchers will take advantage of them if not regulated properly. This is clearly seen in the debate over stem cell research and synthetic biology, like genetically modified organisms, on whether such topics are ethical or non ethical. The right education is needed in order to fully understand both sides of these issues and to debate what is ethical and what is not. This research paper will go into†¦show more content†¦(Stem Cell/Bone Marrow) Also, there are a few different types of stem cells that are important to know, such as adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are gathered when a scientist removes the inne r cell mass of some blastocysts and cultures them in nutrient-rich liquid. (Understanding Stem Cells) These will then develop into the stem cells needed for research and end up being more flexible than adult stem cells since they can form any type of cell in the body. The adult stem cells are harder to find because they are found deep in organs with millions of other cells around them. (Understanding Stem Cells) These cells are already somewhat specialized. â€Å"For example, blood stem cells normally only give rise to the many types of blood cells.† (Understanding Stem Cells) These stem cells and embryonic stem cells are used to regenerate a few types of tissues to help treat diseases and to carry out blood and skin transplants. In order to understand genetically modified organisms, one must understand the nature of synthetic biology. Synthetic biology relies on synthesized DNA to be used in order to create new biochemical systems or to enhance a characteristic of a sp ecific organism. â€Å"Whereas standard biology treats the structure and chemistry of living things as natural phenomena to be

The influence of myths in the lives of man Free Essays

Introduction Man is a complex creature, as compared to other living organisms that has walked the earth. He is able to act and cooperate with other people in order to create or do something productive. He is gifted with a rational mind which enables him to make rational judgment and decisions in his everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on The influence of myths in the lives of man or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was blessed with emotions that enable them to express what they feel, show their appreciation or disgust. Man is complex creature such that he is able to believe something that he doesn’t see or he has no proof of its reality. He believes in myths about how he should act or react about something, thus setting it as a standard or as a norm in life. Looking at man and woman, man is said to be the more myth-believer than the woman. Man, an egoistic creature believes and values a lot of things, including abstract principles like chivalry, his big ego and his responsibilities in his life. Males, which generally see themselves, stronger than the females, often take much of the responsibilities especially when it comes to his family. It is common to see fathers who choose to work away from the family so that they will be able to supply the needs of his families. Men may consider themselves as superior to women, yet they compensate this claim by shouldering the hard work not because they like to do so, but because they are compelled to do so, as dictated by their beliefs and personal myths. Men choose to take these responsibilities not because they feel superior, but because of the fact that they are men. Even though men think this way they don’t lack fear and respect for women. In Theodore Dreiser’s short story, he pictured the main character, Rufus Haymaker, as man who has it all when it comes to material things. He lives a wealthy lifestyle, a good job, a house, doesn’t go hungry, everything that a man would strive for in his life. But then, Rufus Haymaker is not a happy man. He may have every material thing that a man may wish, but he lacks happiness. He is not fulfilled, not having lived his life to the fullest. Rufus Haymaker can be considered just like any other person in this world, someone who lacks will power and strength to decide for themselves, thus oftentimes regretting the way things in his life are going. Rufus Haymaker’s life is a typical rags-to-riches story. Because of poverty, he was driven and forced to go out and face the world. In his own, he was able to return a different man, yet he still thinks that there was really no change that happened. This resulted to suffering and mental torment, leaving him with the dilemma between duty and desire. Rufus’ situation is a common myth in men. He would strive hard in order to prove something, in order to excel, yet, in the end; he doesn’t realize that he already has proven something. He gets so engrossed with work because of his goals, he tends to forget his real reason why is working hard. In the end, he would grow old not knowing that he already met his goal, thus continuing to work hard for it. He wasn’t able to live his life to the fullest, because of his sacrifice and obedience to conventions, duty and moral order; he has lived an unfulfilled life. Rufus Haymaker already had it all, but because of moral restraints, his moral choice, he has lived an empty life. Rufus Haymaker was held back by his moral choice, because he chose to stick with the norms. He followed obediently, without knowing that it cost him his freedom and happiness. In this story, Rufus Haymaker has a wife. This is another manifestation of his loyalty and obedience to the norms. At that time, the concept of â€Å"one life, one love† was the norm being followed (Vaz). This became a restraint to Rufus life. He is pretending to be enjoying his life with his wife, but the reality is that he hates every moment of it, that her illness gave him a spark of hope. Her possible death gave Rufus another chance to be free; the moment his wife is gone, his attachment to the norm would be gone also, because she will be dead. The concept of one love is already nullified with death. Rufus’ lived a life at a time when people are bound to conventions, thus keeping them attached to their duty as a person, their beliefs where in they believe that following it means living a healthy life. Because of that, these beliefs hindered them from enjoying the real meaning of life, of being free, of seizing the day while it lasts! For Rufus Haymaker, there was this feeling of satisfaction with the idea that she is going to die, because in his marriage, he was looking for love and happiness, but with his wife, he never had it. But because of the norm, he remained bounded to his wife, and suffered emotionally. To wrap it up, Rufus Haymaker achieved the freedom he longed for so many years. But ironically, he did achieve his freedom, yet it didn’t make him happy. He found out that he was to old for the life that he was craving, and it was too late for him to recover. His great attachment with the myths and norms made him forget about time, that he was already growing old while waiting for the moment he could be free. Rufus Haymaker, the man who wished that his wife never recover from her illness, will never be happy with the freedom that he was able to get with his wife’s death. It was to late for him, because he didn’t seize the opportunity when it came to him. Reference: Vaz, Teresa Moraes. â€Å"Irony and Naturalism In â€Å"Free†, by Theodore Dreiser†.   1996. February 3 2007. http://www.malhatlantica.pt/teresadeca/masters/ironyandnaturalisminfree.htm.       How to cite The influence of myths in the lives of man, Essay examples

Phar Mor Case free essay sample

Between 1985 and 1992, Phar-Mor grew from 15 stores to 310 stores in 32 states, posting sales of more than $3 bi11ion. By seemingly a11standards, Phar-Mor was a rising star touted by some retail experts as the next Wal-Mart. In fact, Sam Walton once announced that the only company he feared at a11in the expansion ofWal-Mart was Phar-Mor. Mickey Monus, Phar-Mors president, COO and founder, was a local hero in his hometown of Youngstown, Ohio. As demonstration of his loyalty, Monus put Phar-Mors headquarters in a deserted department store in downtown Youngstown. Monus-known as shy and introverted to friends, cold and aloof to others-became quite flashy as Phar-Mor grew. Before the fa11of his Phar-Mor empire, Monus was known for buying his friends expensive gifts and he was building an extravagant personal residence, complete with an indoor basketba11court. He was also an initial equity investor in the Colorado Rockies major league baseba11 franchise. We will write a custom essay sample on Phar Mor Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This affiliation with the Colorado Rockies and other high profile sporting events sponsored by Phar-Mor fed Monus love for the high life and fast action. He frequently flew to Las Vegas, where a suite was always available for him at Caesars Palace. Mickey would often impress his traveling companions by giving them thousands of do11arsto gamble. Phar-Mor was a deep-discount retail chain se11inga variety of household products and prescription drugs at substantia11ylower prices than other discount stores. The key to the low prices was power buying, the phrase Monus used to describe his strategy of loading up on products when suppliers were offering rockbottom prices. The strategy of deep-discount retailing is to beat the other guys prices, thereby attracting the cost-conscious consumers. Phar-Mors prices were so low that competitors wondered how Phar-Mor could do it. Monus strategy was to underse11Wal-Mart in each market where the two retailers directly competed. Unfortunately, Phar-Mors prices were so low that Phar-Mor began losing money. Unwi11ingto a11owthese shortfa11sto damage Phar-Mors appearance of success, Monus and his team began to engage in creative accounting so that PharMor never reported these losses in its financial statements. Federal fraud examiners discerned later that 1987 was the last year Phar-Mor actua11ymade a profit. Investors, relying upon these erroneous financial statements, saw Phar-Mor as an opportunity to cash in on the retailing craze. Among the big investors were Westinghouse Credit Corp. , Sears Roebuck Co. , ma11developer Edward J. de Bartolo, and the prestigious Lazard Freres Co. Corporate Partners Investment Fund. Prosecutors say banks and investors put $1. 14 biUion into Phar-Mor based on the phony records. The fraud was ultimately uncovered when a travel agent received a Phar-Mor check signed by Monus paying for expenses that were unrelated to Phar-Mor. The agent showed the check to her landlord, who happened to be a Phar-Mor investor, IUnless otherwise noted, the facts and statements included in this case are based on actual trial transcripts. Case 6 Phar-Mor, Inc. : Accounting Fraud, Litigation, and Auditor Liability and he contacted Phar-Mors chief executive officer (C~O), David Shapira. On August 4, 1992, David Shapira announced to the business community that Phar-Mor had discovered a massive fraud perpetrated primarily by Michael Monus, former president and COO, and Patrick Finn, former chief financial officer (CFO). In order to hide Phar-Mors cash flow problems, attract investors, and make the company look profitable, Monus and Finn altered the Phar-Mors accounting records to understate costs of goods sold and overstate inventory and income. In addition to the financial statement fraud, internal investigations by the company estimated an embezzlement in excess of$10 million. 2 Phar-Mors executives had cooked the books and the magnitude of the collusive management fraud was almost inconceivable. The fraud was carefully carried out over several years by persons at many organizational layers, including the president and COO, CFO, vice president of mark~ting, director of accounting, controller, and a host of others. Many factors facilitated the Phar-Mor fraud. The following list outlines seven key factors contributing to the fraud and the ability to cover it up for so long. 1. The lack of adequate management information systems (MIS). According to the federal fraud examiners report, Phar-Mors MIS was inadequate on many levels. At one point, a Phar-Mor vice president raised concerns about the companys MIS systems and organized a committee to address the problem. However, senior officials involved in the scheme to defraud Phar-Mor dismissed the vice presidents concerns and ordered the committee disbanded. 2. Poor internal controls. For example, Phar-Mors accounting department was able to bypass normal accounts payable controls by maintaining a supply of blank checks on two different bank accounts and using them to make disbursements. Only those involved in the fraud were authorized to approve use of these checks. 3. The hands-off management style of David Shapira, CEO. For example, in at least two instances Shapira was made away of potential problems with Monus behavior and Phar-Mor financial information. In both cases Shapira chose to distance himself from the knowledge. . Inadequate internal audit function. Ironically, Michael Monus was appointed a member of the audit cOIpmittee. When the internal auditor reported that he wanted to investigate certain payroll irregularities associated with some of the Phar-Mor related parties, the CFO forestalled these activities and then eliminated the internal audit function all together. 5. Collusion among upper management. At least six members ofPh ar-Mors upper management, as well as other employees in the accounting department, were involved in the fraud. 6. Phar-Mors knowledge of audit procedures and objectives. Phar-Mors fraud team was made up of several former auditors, including at least one 2Stem, Gabriella, Phar-Mor Vendors Halt Deliveries; More Layoffs Made, The Wall Street Journal, August 10, 1992. 27 Beasley / Buckless / Glover / Prawitt fonner auditor who had worked for Coopers on the Phar-Mor audit. The fraud team indicated that one reason they were successful in hiding the fraud from the auditors was because they knew what the auditors were looking for. 7. Related parties. Coopers Lybrand, in a countersuit, stated that Shapira and Monus set up a web of companies to do business with Phar-Mor. Coopers contended that the companies fonned by Shapira and Monus received millions in payments from Phar~Mor. The federal fraud examiners report confirms Coopers allegations. The complexity of the related parties involved with Phar-Mor made detection of improprieties and fraudulent activity difficult. During its investigation, the federal fraud examiner identified 91 related parties. Attorneys representing creditors and investors pointed out that every year from 1987 to 1992, Coopers Lybrand acted as Phar-Mors auditor and declared the retailers books in order. At the same time, Coopers repeatedly expressed concerns in its annual audit reports and letters to management that Phar-Mor was engaged in hardto-reconcile accounting practices and called for improvements. Coopers identified Phar-Mor in its audit planning documents as a high risk audit, and their auditors documented that Phar-Mor appeared to be systematically exaggerating its accounts receivables and inventory, its primary assets.

Law Of ASIC v NSG services Pty Ltd (2017) †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Law Of ASIC v NSG services Pty Ltd (2017). Answer: Introduction The decision laid down by Federal court in the leading case of Australian Securities and Investment Commission v NSG services pty ltd[1] is a landmark case which was decided on 30th March 2017. The leading case establishes the civil penalty action that is taken by Australian Securities and Investment Commission for the violation of the best interest duty established under section 961 (B) of the Corporation Act 2001 and also in evaluating the nature of the best interest duty that is imposed under the Corporation Act 2001. The decision is very significant from the point of view that the duty to act in the best interest is imposed upon the advisor who is providing advice to their retail clients. Facts Prior understating the basis upon which the decisions of laid down by the federal court, it is first important to understand the background facts on the basis of which the preset case is raised. In 2012, there are two statutory changes that are brought in, that is, Corporations Amendment (Future of Financial Advice) Act 2012(Cth) and the Corporations Amendment (Further Future of Financial Advice) Act 2012(Cth) which are considered as the Future of Financial Advice reforms[2]. The Corporations Amendment (Further Future of Financial Advice) Act 2012(Cth) is the enactment that has established an obligation of best interest under Part 7.7A, Division 2 of theCorporations Act 2001(Cth).[3] Now, because of the said enactments, a duty of best interest is imposed upon the people who provide personal advice to its retail clients. The duty that is enshrined under Part 7.7A, Division 2 of theCorporations Act 2001(Cth) (section 961 (1) (2)), is not an exhaustive list and there are various statutory duties that are incorporated in the same, for instance[4]: Section 961-B-F establish duty to act in the best interest of the client; As per section 961G A duty to furnish advice to the clients is only imposed upon the advisers when the advisor would reasonably conclude that the advice so provided is appropriate to the clients; In the said case, the best interest of FoFA is under scanner and the obligations of the licensees and advisors are taken into account. The case laws establishes as how the licensees and the advisors are not able to comply with their duties to furnish best interest of their clients.[5] The facts submit that an Australian Financial Services Licensee (NSG) is under the tasks of providing advice regarding the life risk insurance and superannuation products. The advice is normally provided by the authorized representatives of the representatives of the NSG. NSG has provided personal advice to their client and it was alleged by the ASIC that when furnishing such personal advice, the NSG is in violation of section 961B and section 961G of the Corporation act 2001[6]. Thus, on the basis of these facts, there were few contentions that were raised by Australian Securities and Investment Commission. The main contentions of Australian Securities and Investment Commission Based on the said fact, the Australian Securities and Investment Commission has initiated pecuniary penalties, declaratory relief and costs proceedings against NSG. The proceedings were initiated by Australian Securities and Investment Commission in mid 2016. There are several contentions that are raised by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission against the NSG Services Pty Ltd and the same are submitted herein below: It is submitted that when NSG Services Pty Ltd representatives were providing advice to its retail clients, then, at that time, they fail to meet the statutory requirements that are mentioned under section 961B and 961 G of the Corporation Act 2001 because of which the retail clients entered into arrangements that were unsuitable. Costly and result in un-required financial arrangements. Violation of section 961L of the Act There are various instances where it was found that there is violation of section 61L of the Act. the same are: One of the representative of NSG failed to take reasonable steps and violated section 961B (1) and section 961G of the Act when furnishing advice to Person C, Person D on 15th July 2014. one of the representative of NSG failed to take reasonable steps and violated section 961B (1) and section 961G of the Act when furnishing advice to Person E, on 15th July 2013 and 20th August 2013 meetings respectively. Also, one of the representative of NSG failed to take reasonable steps and violated section 961B (1) and section 961G of the Act when furnishing advice to Person F, on 24th November 2014. Also, one of the representative of NSG failed to take reasonable steps and violated section 961B (1) and section 961G of the Act when furnishing advice to Person G, on 15 July 2014. Also, one of the representative of NSG failed to take reasonable steps and violated section 961B (1) and section 961G of the Act when furnishing advice to Person H, on 20 August 2013. Also, one of the representative of NSG failed to take reasonable steps and violated section 961B (1) and section 961G of the Act when furnishing advice to Person A, on 19July 2013. Also, one of the representative of NSG failed to take reasonable steps and violated section 961B (1) and section 961G of the Act when furnishing advice to Person B, on 20August 2015. Thus, it is submitted that when the representations were furnishing advice to their retail clients at that time they did not take reasonable steps to make sure that the best interest obligation towards their retail clients are met and thus they are in violation of section 916L of the Corporation Act 2001. That there is violation of section 961K (2) of the Act That the representatives (other than authorized representative of NSG) are in violation of section 961K (2) of the Act. It is submitted that one representative of NSG (Trinh) violated section 961B (1) and section 961G of the Act when furnishing advice to Pearson A (client of NSG) on 19th July 2013 meeting. Also, there is violation of section 961K (2) of the Act when the representatives (Ozak) violated section 961B (1) and section 961G of the Act when furnishing advice to Pearson A (client of NSG) on 20th August 2013 meeting. Thus, some of the representatives of NSG Services Pty Ltd who were not the authorized representatives of NSG Services Pty Ltd failed to comply with their best interest obligations and thus were in violation of section 961K (2) of the Corporation Act 2001. It is submitted that all the allegations that are raised by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission, that is, violation of section 61B, 961G, 961L and 961K of the corporation Act 2001 were accepted by NSG Services Pty Ltd[7]. Both NSG and Australian Securities and Investment Commission have applied to the court for declarations by consent[8]. It is now first important to analyze the provisions of section 961 of the Corporation Act 2001 that are applicable in the given scenario. Section 916 of the Corporation Act 2001 - Observations by the court Before analyzing the decision that laid down by the Federal court, there are two important observations that are made by MOSHINSKY J. The same are[9]: That the duty that is imposed under section 961 B (2) must be treated as a safe harbour for the advice providers. This implies that if the advisers are able to prove that all the statutory requirements that are mentioned under section 961 B (2) of the corporation Act 2001 is comply with then the advice providers has comply with his duty to look for the best interest of his retail clients. The court observed that the main concern of section 961B is that procedure or the process that is to be comply with by the adviser prior furnishing advice which must be in the best interest of the client. But, section 961G of the Corporation act contains the substance or content of the advice. On the basis of the above two observations, the court has tried to interpret the two meaning of section 961B of the Corporation Act 2001. It was submitted by the court that the functions that are attributed by section 961B (1) and section 961B 2) are different in nature. The core duty to serve best interest is served under section 961B (1) of the Corporation Act 2001 whereas the statutory defense is provided under section 961 B (2) of the Corporation Act 2001. Both the sections are affected in the manner and the process in which the advice is furnished by the advice provider. The court submitted that the correct and justified interpretation of section 961B of the Corporation Act 2001 is that it deals with the manner and the process in which the advice is furnished. The basic interpretation that is provided by the court to interpret section 961 of the Corporation Act 2001 is that: That the steps that are laid down in section 961B (2) mainly deals with the process within which the advice is furnished and is not concerned with the outcomes that results from such advice; That section 961G of the act is different from section 961B of the Act. Section 961B deals with the process within which the advice is furnished and is not concerned with the outcomes Decision by the Court The main reasons for the decision that are made by the court are[10]: That the client advice process that is adopted by NSG is complied very quickly. Because of the quickness the clients are not able to reflect on the advice so furnished proper its implementation. Because of this quick procedure the information that is provided to the clients was found to be insufficient in nature; There are various obligations that must be comply with by the representatives of the NSG prior providing advice to their retail clients however, the regulatory and the legal obligations that must be required to be followed are not provided to the advisors neither NSG has provided with proper training to their representatives which has ultimately has resulted in the violated of their statutory obligations. The advisors who are representing NSG while furnishing advice to the retail clients are representing NSG, but, NSG has not laid down any kind of review analysis of such representatives (substantial or regular). There were instances when few internal audits are conducted by NSG but whenever any advisor has been found to be in contravention of the statutory provisions of the Corporation Act, then, there were no disciplinary actions that were taken by NSG against such defaulting advisors. The external audits of NSG are carried out by third parties. These audits identify the issues relating to the provisions of advice. But, the advice which is so furnished by the external auditors were not comply with of followed by the NSG. Neither any changes that were addressed or implemented by the external auditors were ever given heed[11]. The court also observed that the compliance policies that are adopted by NSG were also not adequate as per the given circumstances. No regulator or legal duties that must be furnished by the representatives were quoted in the compliance policies of the NDG, if any. Even if complaints are received by the NSG regarding any irregularity, still, no action is ever taken up by NSG. Considering all the above acts that are carried out by the NSG and its representatives while catering advice to its retail client, it has been observed by the court that the duties to act in the best interest as enshrined under section 961B of the Act are not comply with resulting in violation of the duties. Thus, the federal court was right in imposing penalties over NSG for its violation of statutory obligations. References Case laws Avoca Consultants Pty Ltd v Millennium3 Financial Services Pty Ltd (2009) 179 FCR 46, ASIC v NSG services Pty ltd (2017); Australian Securities and Investments Commissionv Newcrest Mining Ltd(2014) 101 ACSR 46 Legislation Corporation Act 2001 Online Material ASIC (2017) ASIC v NSG services Pty ltd (2017) (online). Available at: https://download.asic.gov.au/media/4210761/17-100mr-asic-v-nsg-services.pdf. Accessed on 26th September 2017. Federal Court of Australia (2017) ASIC v NSG (online). Available at: https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2017/2017fca0345. Accessed on 27th September 2017. Soljo and Walsh (2017) UNRAVELLED: RECENT DECISION ON FOFA ADVICE PROVISIONS ASIC V NS (Online). Available at: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/fsr/170505-unravelled-02.htm. Accessed on 27th September 2017. Turks Legal (2017) Federal Court finds first breach of best interests duty (online). Available at: https://www.turkslegal.com.au/sites/default/files/Case_ASIC%20v%20NSG_.pdf. Accessed on 27th September 2017. Vrisakisand Zhou (2017) The Best Interests Duty: Process Or Outcomes? (online). Available at: https://www.herbertsmithfreehills.com/latest-thinking/the-best-interests-duty-process-or-outcomes. Accessed on 26th September 2017.

God Existence Essays (1348 words) - , Term Papers

God Existence If you take a look up out in the sky on a seemingly clear night, try and ask yourself how the stars, the moon and everything else came to be. Again the question of existence takes over your mind the same way it did everyone else's years ago. How did the world begin? What was the cause? Who was the cause? A couple of weeks ago, I had the most interesting conversation with my brother. Actually, it was more like a provoked conversation to help me begin this paper. I asked him, "Do you believe that there is a God? A God who is said to be creator of all things, the one responsible for life and everything that happens to it? A being so mighty and great?" Of course, like he and any other catholic would say, "yes!" From there I was anxious to begin an argument based on what I had learned from the previous topics in my philosophy class on the existence of God. I asked him how one can attach himself to such belief based on what others say, what he has heard and from a holy book that was said to have come from God but dictated by man? How could he put all reason of existence behind nothing he has experienced on his own but only what others claim they have? Then a light shined on me. I was expecting him to give me reasons that questioned my faith. Instead, he casually turned and threw a question back at me. "Do you believe that there is such a thing as one million dollars?" I hesitantly answered, "yes," knowing what he was coming to. And then he asked me if I have ever seen one million dollars? I replied, "no". From there I saw his point. "What we believe has nothing to do with whether God exists." -Daniel Kolak I was never raised with a solid basis of Christian influence. In fact, I was never made to attend Sunday school where I would be taught the whole essence of my religion. I did though, go to mass every Sunday with my family, only to find it very funny how I did not really know or understand anything about the religion. I did not base my belief on God because of books and conditioned teachings because I was never exposed to any. In truth, I do not base it on anything at all. I don't need to listen to proofs formulated by scientists and philosophers such as St. Thomas Aquinas and his Five Cosmological proofs. I do not need to hear the story on how it was said that Jesus Christ saved us all, or about Moses and the Ten Commandments. I don't know why but I just do. Don't get me wrong, I have not closed my mind on this belief about God. I have learned that it is not good to attach our self to anything and close all doors on other possible ideas. "Being able to shift points of view is one of the main skills philosophy has to offer, not so much for the purposes of changing our views, but for the purpose of freeing ourselves from attachment of our own point of view so that we can really see and understand other's points of view." -Daniel Kolak This is where the role of your philosophy class came into place. It was more so to enable me to understand the other side and take on another perspective in hope that I will learn more about the ideals that I believe in. So why is it that philosophy teachers should be limited and restricted in accordance to the institution? Why is it that they are treated as a threat to Christianity and the teachings of religious schools? When in reality, all that these teachers are doing is allowing their students to grow by understanding something at all angles and allowing them to think for themselves. "...but they cannot harm nor destroy God, if there is a God." I took this line right out of the reading for it gave such a big impact. A line that should be posted, for all religious believers who are appalled when an atheist speaks his/her mind, to see. Why are these people so threatened? Can't their faith withstand the striking? Or is it not strong enough? When I heard your lectures, read your readings and read my own selected reading, I came to see the other side of

Definitions and Interpretations of Rhetorical Irony

Definitions and Interpretations of Rhetorical Irony To say one thing but to mean something else - that may be the simplest definition of irony. But in truth, theres nothing at all simple about the rhetorical concept of irony. As J.A. Cuddon says in A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (Basil Blackwell, 1979), irony eludes definition, and this elusiveness is one of the main reasons why it is a source of so much fascinated inquiry and speculation. To encourage further inquiry (rather than reduce this complex trope to simplistic explanations), weve gathered a variety of definitions and interpretations of irony, both ancient and modern. Here youll find some recurrent themes as well as some points of disagreement. Does any one of these writers provide the single right answer to our question? No. But all provide food for thought. We begin on this page with some broad observations about the nature of irony - a few standard definitions along with attempts to classify the different types of irony. On page two, we offer a brief survey of the ways that the concept of irony has evolved over the past 2,500 years. Finally, on pages three and four, a number of contemporary writers discuss what irony means (or seems to mean) in our own time. Definitions and Types of Irony The Three Basic Features of IronyThe principal obstacle in the way of a simple definition of irony is the fact that irony is not a simple phenomenon. . . . We have now presented, as basic features for all irony,(i) a contrast of appearance and reality,(ii) a confident unawareness (pretended in the ironist, real in the victim of the irony) that the appearance is only an appearance, and(iii) the comic effect of this unawareness of a contrasting appearance and reality.(Douglas Colin Muecke, Irony, Methuen Publishing, 1970)Five Kinds of IronyThree kinds of irony have been recognized since antiquity: (1) Socratic irony. a mask of innocence and ignorance adopted to win an argument. . . . (2) Dramatic or tragic irony, a double vision of what is happening in a play or real-life situation. . . . (3) Linguistic irony, a duality of meaning, now the classic form of irony. Building on the idea of dramatic irony, the Romans concluded that language often carries a double message, a second often moc king or sardonic meaning running contrary to the first. . . .In modern times, two further conceptions have been added: (1) Structural irony, a quality that is built into texts, in which the observations of a naive narrator point up deeper implications of a situation. . . . (2) Romantic irony, in which writers conspire with readers to share the double vision of what is happening in the plot of a novel, film, etc.(Tom McArthur, The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Oxford University Press, 1992) Applying IronyIronys general characteristic is to make something understood by expressing its opposite. We can therefore isolate three separate ways of applying this rhetorical form. Irony can refer to (1) individual figures of speech (ironia verbi); (2) particular ways of interpreting life (ironia vitae); and (3) existence in its entirety (ironia entis). The three dimensions of ironytrope, figure, and universal paradigmcan be understood as rhetorical, existential, and ontological.(Peter L. Oesterreich, Irony, in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, edited by Thomas O. Sloane, Oxford University Press, 2001)Metaphors for IronyIrony is an insult conveyed in the form of a compliment, insinuating the most galling satire under the phraseology of panegyric; placing its victim naked on a bed of briars and thistles, thinly covered with rose leaves; adorning his brow with a crown of gold, which burns into his brain; teasing, and fretting, and riddling him through and through with incessant discharges of hot shot from a masked battery; laying bare the most sensitive and shrinking nerves of his mind, and then blandly touching them with ice, or smilingly pricking them with needles.(James Hogg, Wit and Humour, in Hoggs Instructor, 1850) Irony SarcasmIrony must not be confused with sarcasm, which is direct: Sarcasm means precisely what it says, but in a sharp, bitter, cutting, caustic, or acerb manner; it is the instrument of indignation, a weapon of offense, whereas irony is one of the vehicles of wit.(Eric Partridge and Janet Whitcut, Usage and Abusage: A Guide to Good English, W.W. Norton Company, 1997)Irony, Sarcasm, WitGeorge Puttenhams Arte of English Poesie shows appreciation for subtle rhetorical irony by translating ironia as Drie Mock. I tried to find out what irony really is, and discovered that some ancient writer on poetry had spoken of ironia, which we call the drye mock, and I cannot think of a better term for it: the drye mock. Not sarcasm, which is like vinegar, or cynicism, which is often the voice of disappointed idealism, but a delicate casting of a cool and illuminating light on life, and thus an enlargement. The ironist is not bitter, he does not seek to undercut everything that seems worthy or serious, he scorns the cheap scoring-off of the wisecracker. He stands, so to speak, somewhat at one side, observes and speaks with a moderation which is occasionally embellished with a flash of controlled exaggeration. He speaks from a certain depth, and thus he is not of the same nature as the wit, who so often speaks from the tongue and no deeper. The wits desire is to be funny, the ironist is only funny as a secondary achievement.(Roberston Davies, The Cunning Man, Viking, 1995) Cosmic IronyThere are two broad uses in everyday parlance. The first relates to cosmic irony and has little to do with the play of language or figural speech. . . . This is an irony of situation, or an irony of existence; it is as though human life and its understanding of the world is undercut by some other meaning or design beyond our powers. . . . The word irony refers to the limits of human meaning; we do not see the effects of what we do, the outcomes of our actions, or the forces that exceed our choices. Such irony is cosmic irony, or the irony of fate.(Claire Colebrook, Irony: The New Critical Idiom, Routledge, 2004) A Survey of Irony Socrates, That Old FoxThe most influential model in the history of irony has been the Platonic Socrates. Neither Socrates nor his contemporaries, however, would have associated the word  eironeia  with modern conceptions of Socratic irony. As Cicero put it, Socrates was always pretending to need information and professing admiration for the wisdom of his companion; when Socrates interlocutors were annoyed with him for behaving in this way they called him  eiron, a vulgar term of reproach referring generally to any kind of sly deception with overtones of mockery. The fox was the symbol of the  eiron.All serious discussions of  eironeia  followed upon the association of the word with Socrates.(Norman D. Knox, Irony,  The Dictionary of the History of Ideas, 2003)The Western SensibilitySome go so far as to say that Socrates ironic personality inaugurated a peculiarly Western sensibility. His irony, or his capacity  not  to accept everyday values and concepts but live in a state of  perpetual  question, is the birth of philosophy, ethics, and consciousness.(Claire Colebrook,  Irony: The New Critical Idiom, Routledge, 2004) Skeptics and AcademicsIt is not without cause that so many excellent philosophers became Skeptics and Academics, and denied any certainty of knowledge or comprehension, and held opinions that the knowledge of man extended only to appearances and probabilities. It is true that in Socrates it was supposed to be but a form of irony,  Scientiam  dissimulando  simulavit, for he used to dissemble his knowledge, to the end to enhance his knowledge.(Francis Bacon,  The Advancement of Learning, 1605)From Socrates to CiceroSocratic irony, as it is constructed in Platos dialogues,  is therefore  a method of mocking and unmasking the presumed knowledge of his interlocutors, consequently leading them to  truth  (Socratic  maieutics). Cicero establishes irony as a rhetoric figure which blames by praise and praises by blame. Apart from this, there is the sense of tragic (or dramatic) irony, which focuses on the contrast between the protagonists ignorance and the spectators, who ar e aware of his fatal destiny (as for example in  Oedipus Rex).(Irony, in  Imagology: The Cultural Construction and Literary Representation of National Characters, edited by Manfred Beller and Joep Leerssen, Rodopi, 2007) Quintilian OnwardsSome of the rhetoricians recognize, though almost as if in passing, that irony was much more than an ordinary rhetorical figure. Quintilian says [in  Institutio Oratoria, translated by H.E. Butler] that in the  figurative  form of irony the speaker disguises his entire meaning, the disguise being apparent rather than confessed. . . .But having touched on this borderline where irony ceases to be instrumental and is sought as an end in itself, Quintilian draws back, quite properly for his purposes, to his functional view, and in effect carries nearly two millennia worth of rhetoricians along with him. It was not until well into the eighteenth century that theorists were forced, by explosive developments in the use of irony itself, to begin thinking about ironic effects as somehow self-sufficient literary ends. And then of course irony burst its bounds so effectively that men finally dismissed merely functional ironies as not even ironic, or as self-evidently les s artistic.(Wayne C. Booth,  A Rhetoric of Irony, University of Chicago Press, 1974) Cosmic Irony RevisitedIn  The Concept of Irony  (1841), Kierkegaard elaborated the idea that irony is a mode of seeing things, a way of viewing existence. Later, Amiel in his  Journal Intime  (1883-87) expressed the view that irony springs from a perception of the absurdity of life. . . .Many writers have distanced themselves to a vantage point, a quasi-godlike eminence, the better to be able to view things. The artist becomes a kind of god viewing creation (and viewing his own creation) with a smile. From this it is a short step to the idea that God himself is the supreme  ironist, watching the antics of human beings (Flaubert referred to a blague supà ©rieure) with a detached, ironical smile. The spectator in the  theatre  is in a similar position. Thus the everlasting human condition is regarded as potentially absurd.(J.A. Cuddon, Irony,  A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, Basil Blackwell, 1979)Irony in Our TimeI am saying that there seems to be o ne dominating form of modern understanding; that it is essentially ironic; and that it originates largely in the application of mind and memory to the events of the Great War [World War I].(Paul Fussell,  The Great War and Modern Memory, Oxford University Press, 1975) Supreme IronyWith supreme irony, the war to make the world safe for democracy [World War I] ended by leaving democracy more unsafe in the world than at any time since the collapse of the revolutions of 1848.(James Harvey Robinson,  The Human Comedy, 1937) Contemporary Observations on Irony The New IronyThe one truth the new irony has to tell us is that the man who uses it has no place to stand except in momentary community with those who seek to express a comparable alienation from other groups. The one conviction it expresses is that there are really no sides left: No virtue to oppose to corruption, no wisdom to oppose to  cant. The one standard it accepts is that on which the simple manthe untutored non-ironist who fancies (in his dolt-hood) that he knows what good and bad should meanis registered as the zero of our world, a cipher worth nothing but uninterrupted contempt.(Benjamin DeMott, The New Irony:  Sidesnicks  and Others,  The American Scholar, 31, 1961-1962)Swift, Simpson, Seinfeld . . . and Quotation Marks[T]echnically,  irony  is a rhetorical device used to convey a meaning sharply different from or even opposite of the  literal  text. It’s not just saying one thing while meaning anotherthat’s what Bill Clinton does. No, itâ₠¬â„¢s more like a wink or running joke among people in the know.Jonathan Swift’s  A Modest Proposal  is a classic text in the history of irony. Swift argued that English lords should eat the children of the poor to alleviate hunger. There is nothing in the text which says, hey, this is sarcasm. Swift lays out a pretty good argument and it’s up to the reader to figure it out that he’s not really serious. When Homer Simpson says to Marge, Now who’s being naà ¯ve? the writers are winking at all those people who love  The Godfather  (these people are commonly referred to as men). When George Costanza and Jerry Seinfeld keep saying Not that there’s anything wrong with that! every time they mention homosexuality, they are making an ironic joke about the culture’s insistence that we affirm our non-judgmentalism.Anyway,  irony  is one of those words that most people understand intuitively but have a hard time defining. One good test is if you like to put quotation marks around words that shouldn’t have them. The quotation marks are necessary because the words have lost most of their literal meaning to the  new  politicized interpretations.(Jonah Goldberg, The Irony of Irony.  National Review Online, April 28, 1999) Irony and EthosSpecifically rhetorical irony presents few problems. Puttenhams drie  mock pretty well describes the phenomenon. One kind of rhetorical irony, however, may need further attention. There can be relatively few rhetorical situations where the target of persuasion is utterly ignorant of the designs someone has on himthe relationship of  persuader  and persuaded is almost always self-conscious to some degree. If the persuader wants to overcome any implicit sales resistance (especially from a sophisticated audience), one of the ways he will do it is to acknowledge that he  is  trying to talk his audience into something. By this, he hopes to gain their trust for as long as the soft sell takes. When he does this, he really acknowledges that his rhetorical maneuvering is ironical, that it says one thing while it tries to do another. At the same time, a second irony is present, since the pitchman is still far from laying all his cards on the table. The point to be made is that every rhetorical posture except the most naive involves an ironical coloration, of some kind or another, of the speakers  ethos.(Richard Lanham,  A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms, 2nd edition, University of California Press, 1991) The End of the Age of Irony?One good thing could come from this horror: it could spell the end of the age of irony. For some 30 yearsroughly as long as the Twin Towers were uprightthe good folks in charge of Americas intellectual life have insisted that nothing was to be believed in or taken seriously. Nothing was real. With a giggle and a smirk, our chattering classesour columnists and pop culture makersdeclared that detachment and personal whimsy were the necessary tools for an oh-so-cool life. Who but a slobbering bumpkin would think, I feel your pain? The ironists, seeing through everything, made it difficult for anyone to see anything. The consequence of thinking that nothing is realapart from prancing around in an air of vain stupidityis that one will not know the difference between a joke and a menace.No more. The planes that plowed into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were real. The flames, smoke, sirensreal. The chalky landscape, the silence of the streetsall real. I feel your painreally.(Roger Rosenblatt,  The Age Of Irony Comes to an End,  Time  magazine, September 16, 2001) Eight Misconceptions About IronyWe have a grave problem with this word (well, in fact, its not really gravebut Im not being ironic when I call it that, Im being  hyperbolic. Though often the two amount to the same thing. But not always). Just looking at the definitions, the confusion is understandablein the first instance, rhetorical irony expands to cover any disjunction at all between language and meaning, with a couple of key exceptions (allegory  also entails a disconnection between sign and meaning, but obviously isnt synonymous with irony; and lying, clearly, leaves that gap, but relies for its efficacy on an ignorant audience, where irony relies on a knowing one). Still, even with the riders, its quite an umbrella, no?In the second instance,  situational irony  (also known as cosmic irony) occurs when it seems that God or fate is manipulating events so as to inspire false hopes, which are inevitably dashed (1). While this looks like the more straightforward usage, it o pens the door to confusion between irony, bad  luck  and inconvenience.Most pressingly, though, there are a number of misconceptions about  irony  that are peculiar to recent times. The first is that September 11 spelled the end of irony. The second is that the end of irony would be the one good thing to come out of September 11. The third is that irony characterizes our age to a greater degree than it has done any other. The fourth is that Americans cant do irony, and we [the British] can. The fifth is that the Germans cant do irony, either (and we still can). The sixth is that irony and cynicism are interchangeable. The seventh is that its a mistake to attempt irony in emails and text messages, even while irony characterizes our age, and so do emails. And the eighth is that post-ironic is an acceptable termit is very modish to use this, as if to suggest one of three things: i) that irony has ended; ii) that postmodernism and irony are interchangeable, and can be conflated into one handy word; or iii) that we are more ironic than we used to be, and therefore need to add a prefix suggesting even greater ironic distance than irony on its own can supply. None of these things is true.1. Jack Lynch, Literary Terms. I would strongly urge you not to read any more footnotes, they are only here to make sure I dont get in trouble for plagiarizing.(Zoe Williams,  The Final Irony,  The Guardian, June 28, 2003) Postmodern IronyPostmodern  irony is allusive, multilayered, preemptive, cynical, and above all, nihilistic. It assumes that everything is subjective and nothing means what it says. Its a sneering, world-weary,  bad  irony, a mentality that condemns before it can be condemned, preferring cleverness to sincerity and quotation to originality. Postmodern irony rejects  tradition,  but offers nothing in its place.(Jon Winokur,  The Big Book of Irony, St. Martins Press, 2007)Were All in This Togetherby OurselvesImportantly, the Romantic of today finds a real connection, a sense of groundedness, with others  through  irony. with those who understand what is meant without having to say it, with those who also question the saccharine quality of contemporary American culture, who are certain that all diatribes of virtue-lament will turn out to have been made by some gambling, lying, hypocritical talk-show host/senator overly fond of interns/pages. This they see as doing an inj ustice to the depth of human possibility and the complexity and goodness of human feeling, to the power of the imagination over all forms of potential constraint, to a basic ethics that they themselves are proud to uphold. But ironists, above all else, are certain that we must live in this world as best we can, whether or not it suits our own moral outlook, writes Charles Taylor [The Ethics of Authenticity, Harvard University Press, 1991]. The only alternative seems to be a kind of inner exile. Ironic detachment is exactly this sort of inner exilean  inner emigrationmaintained with humor, chic bitterness, and a sometimes embarrassing but abidingly persistent hope.(R. Jay Magill Jr.,  Chic Ironic Bitterness, The University of Michigan Press, 2007) Whats Ironic?Woman: I started riding these trains in the forties. Those days a man would give up their seat for a woman. Now were liberated and we have to stand.Elaine: Its ironic.Woman: Whats ironic?Elaine: This, that weve come all this way, we have made all this progress, but you know, weve lost the little things, the niceties.Woman: No, I mean what does ironic mean?(Seinfeld)