The Language And The Gender

The Language And The Gender This study deals with the relationship between gender and language in this study we try to answer the flowing question: to what extend the differences in using prestige between male and female in Arabic language in terms of greetings, happiness, and sadness occasions? Due to this question the aim of the study is to find the reasons of differences between the two genders in Arabic language. this study find that the differences connected with female who try to add new words to their language which they connected these new words to the civilization and modern life and they try to use it out of their traditional way , in order to attract the attentions from others The samples of this study are males and females Arabic speakers. They are 10 persons, 5 males and 5 females native speakers of Arabic language. The questionnaire instrument is used in this study in order to take valued information. The questionnaire encompasses the terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. It also in cludes other information such as gender, and age. Key words: male, female, prestige, sociolinguistic. 1.0 Introduction Language and gender research began in early 20th century. Language gender research concerned with male and female differences in their way of speaking. The study of language and gender related to sociolinguistics, this field mainly interests to study language in social context , in social context we can recognize that the speakers within same language used different ways of speech these ways different in term of gender, age, ethnic and social class; this is what we may call it social variation. The concept of prestige in sociolinguistics is related to standard language so according prestigious, dialect is likely to be considered the standard language. Many researcher deals with sociolinguistics studies and concern in language and gender Coates (1993) he recognized that female in speech community try to use a high degree of prestige than male. (Lakoff, 1975), the men use words like (damn, more than women (oh dear, goodness). Malkawi (2011) found that the females in order to attract t he attention they avoid using old words. Scherer (1979), states that the women consciously employ the use of more socially prestigious speech than men, while men tend to use more forceful speech than women. Women tend to use prestige in her language more than men do. Women use standard prestige norms while men used vernacular prestige norms. In general non standard language is low-prestige while standard connected to high- prestige but it is undesirable in many contexts. This study focused on sociolinguistic work through concentrate on the vernacular Arabic language when highlighted to find the differences between males and females in terms of greetings, happiness, and sadness occasions. This study dealt with linguistic variation in term of gender to find out the kind of prestige used by Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. In this study we try to find out the answer to research question: Are there any differences in the talk of Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness, and sadness occasions? In order to answer this question, the questionnaire instrument is used in this study in order to get valued information. The questionnaire encompasses the terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. It also includes other information such as gender, age and etc. The samples of this study are males and females Arabic speakers. They are 10 persons, 5 males and 5 females native speakers of Arabic language. Above all we can attributed the differences between male and female may belong to the desire of women to use Words which are related to prestige in order to attract attention and most women Believes that the use of prestigious words in speech are more civilized than use The ordinary one. In sociolinguistic the concept of prestige refers to positive or negative values choose by the speaker in other word the speakers choose consciously or subconsciously when they make the speech act. Sociolinguistic Sociolinguistics is of the most important branches of modern linguistics .it deals with the study of language affected by social relations. Sociolinguistics includes pidgin, bilingualism and Creole languages .It refers to language variation, and language variation focuses on language different in contexts, where context refers to social class, age, gender, ethnicity, geography. In 1960 many researches in sociolinguistic focuses on the relationship between language and social structure and the relationship between language and gander. Sociolinguistics interests on language in the social context and language in the social context focuses on the linguistics norms and variations. Speakers who differ from each other in age, social class, and ethnic group will differ from each other in their speech and this is called social variation. Sociolinguistics is applied toward the different social situations and analysis the way that female and male speak to each other so , sociolinguistic we can say is a science that provide us with a brief description about the realities of human speech and how we can through a specific dialect describes the relation between language and age, sex and social function of a language . Studies in the field of sociolinguistics generally assesses the reality by taking a sample of people and interview them, typically it studies the variation of language and based on dialect in specific society. Sociolinguistic concern with grammatical and phonological features so, Variation in language connected with gender, male and female tend to use different styles female tend to use a particular style in her speaking more than male do. Gender with language The area of study gender and language connected with sociolinguistics. It investigates the speech varieties associated with gender and sometimes this kind of studies is called a genderlect. Dr. Adelaide Haas of the State University of New York in 1979 she observed general differences between male and female linguistic style. She made several observations and according to the results she found women tend to use standard English and non directive language while men used non- standard and directive language .women prefer to talk about her family and home while most men prefer talked about business, money and sports it is also found gender language from generation to generation that is means the age will also different in using language from one age to another. the differences between gender because the girls and boys socialized differently so according to this fact language different between gender, women always in her conversation try to make suggestion while men prefer to give commands, typically it is found that women used more emotion in her way of speaking than men do , also women focus on her feelings in her life while men focus on power in his life. Lakoff (1975) states that women try her possible to talk as a respected lady, comparing to men, women tend to use more hedges, intensifiers , a lot of polite forms and questions intonations. 1.3 Prestige Dialects are mainly related to the concept of prestige within a society. Usually, the standard dialect is associated with prestige in the society but thats not mean all prestigious people must speak the standard but there are factors to prestige with non standard dialects and by group may develop a prestige factors. The prestige concepts: Overt Prestige: refers to speakers of non-standard varieties who adopt the standard variety. The speakers are associate themselves with the general prestigious dialect within a society. Covert Prestige: This refers to speakers who not adopt a standard dialect. The speakers in convert prestige are associated with what they gained from group in social identification. So, overt prestige is assimilate standard, while convert prestige refers to assimilate non standard. The concept of prestige in sociolinguistics is related to standard language so according prestigious, dialect is likely to be considered the standard language but in other hand non standard may also refers to prestige factors and the creative of prestige factors by non standard group. In general prestige means a specific prestige dialect used by people in their way of speaking, it represent the language community , prestige dialects are associated with greater social, political, and economic power, sometimes people who speak prestige dialect are generally considered well-educated. but is that mean who does not speak a prestige dialect is uneducated according to preceding studies they found the people who didnt speak prestige dialect is may face difficulties in their academic community or social difficulties which effected directly in their way of speaking in other hand factors to prestige with non standard dialects may developed by group as prestige. We can say a prestige differ from state to state for example modern standard Arabic which is considerd high prestige it is used of social and political Arabic media in order to accessible a large number of Arabic people but it is not used as a conversation in their daily life and if someone speak a standard Arabic in streets people will laugh about it so according to Arabic language standard is not prestigious unlike English or French language which they considerd the standard as prestigious so prestige dialects differ from language to language . 2.0 Data for study: The aim of this study is to find the differences between Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. The samples of this study are males and females Arabic speakers. They are 10 persons, 5 males and 5 females native speakers of Arabic language. 4.0 Research in the field: Ferguson (1959), states that sociolinguistics of Arabic language began as an academic unit and it has two discriminative varieties. These varieties are the high and the low ones. As for the high variety, it is related to the classical Arabic which is used in formal occasions and religious functions. The low variety is used in everyday communications between for instance, friends, and home. Sociological studies have shown that women are more likely to use linguistic forms thought to be better or more correct than those used by men. Trudgell (1983) provides an important reason for this. According to him, women are more conscious than men, therefore, they are more sensitive to linguistic norms. Lakoff (1975) states that due of the low states of women and the pressure upon them to talk as a respected lady, comparing to men, women tend to use more hedges, intensifiers , a lot of polite forms and questions intonations . Prestige is in two types. Overt type is seeking a prestige by assimilating to the standard language. Covert type is choosing not to talk in the standard, Manue and Campoy (2009). According, Coupland (1997) mentions that women prefer to use an overt standard prestige. However, men favor to use covert vernacular prestige. Coates (1993) states that female speakers tend to use a higher rate of prestige than male speakers in different speech communities. In other words, the prestige norms seem to have a great influence on women than on men. In addition, Sociolinguistics literature reveals that women employ and adopt the speech of rich people more than men do where the difference between rich and poor people speech is in standard language and dialect one, Angle and Biber (1981). According to Lackoff (1973), in the case of gender, women are expected not to use strong insults and expletives such as damn the same as men do, while they are encouraged to use weaker ones like oh dear. Therefore, women have to change or substitute the strong insults with weaker ones. Scherer (1979), states that the women consciously employ the use of more socially prestigious speech than men, while men tend to use more forceful speech than women. Abu-Haidar (1989) investigated the occurrence of prestige in the spoken Arabic language in Baghdad, Iraq. Her study reveals that prestige is attributed to the standard Arabic language rather than the vernacular one. She adds that women tend to favor this variety. On the other hand, in the case of the Iraqi society as claimed by Jaber and Krishnasamy (2012), female prestige is associated with the meaning of the words not with the standard language. Rather, men tend to use the standard features more women. In a study was made on the Jordanian society, Malkawi (2011) found that the females respondents in her study avoid using old words when they want to attract the attention Females and males tend to use more prestigious words rather than the ancient ones. As noticed by Bassiouney (2010), educated men and women in Egypt tend to talk in standard language because they think that it is more civilized than the dialect one. On the other hand, the uneducated women use the urban variety rather than the rural one for it is more prestigious as they think. Arafa and Al-Ali (2010) proposed that females in Jordan adopt the urban non local varieties which are considered as civilized varieties, while males tend to use the local ones. As they state, the adoption of the varieties by both males and females are not arbitrary. Rather, it is limited to gender motivations and social expectations Gordon in (1997) clarifies the reasons behind using a more prestigious language by women in the New Zealand society. He says that the usage of this prestigious language by women in New Zealand is a stereotype. According to his, it is a stereotype for it explains the avoidance of middle class females against the lower class females. Publications: Who Practitioners in the field / lineage of the thought (others working in the area) What are the landmark studies? What are the theoretical and empirical contributions of the research area? 6.0 Implications of the study: We can summarize the implication of this study: 6.1 Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to find the differences between Arabic males and females in using prestige in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. 6.2 Main Objective: The study of sociolinguistics concentrates on language in the social context. Studying language in the social context focuses on the linguistics norms and variations. Speakers who differ from each other in age, social class, and ethnic group will differ from each other in their speech and this is called social variation. As for this study, it will focus on the linguistic norms and variations related to the gender of the speaker. More specifically, this study aims at studying the differences in speech between Arabic males and females in relation to their gender. 6.3 Findings: Male Female Results Greeti ngs happiness sadness occasions 6.4 Limitation of the study This study limited on small group who consist from Arabic male and female in order to discover the differences between Arabic males and females in using prestige in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. 6.5 Conclusion This study tries to investigate the differences between Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. According to the data analysis in this paper found that the female try to use a high level of prestige she try to use modern words and tries as possible to exclude the old words in order to attract attention while mail try to use medium level of prestige but also it is found that male tend to use modern prestige words than the old words.

The Journals Impact Factor Health And Social Care Essay

The diaries impact factor is at present, considered a pace stick for mensurating the comparative quality and significance of a diary. It is defined as the frequence with which the ‘average article ‘ in a diary has been cited in a peculiar twelvemonth or period. Despite the acknowledgment that the impact factor is an imperfect step and 45 old ages of unfavorable judgment, there is no obvious option. Thus, those forced to utilize this tool for direct diary comparing should be encouraged to stay open-minded and cautious, with an consciousness of the built-in restrictions of its usage. Extension of journal-impact-factor informations to single articles and writers is inappropriate and should be avoided. Some of alternate indices of impact factor ( Thomson Reuter ) include Google Scholar, PageRank, H-index, Y-factor, Faculty of 1000, Eigen Factor etc. Some of these options may be more recognized than impact factor in future. Cardinal words: Impact factor, h-index, commendation, AlternativeBackgroundThe construct of commendations as tool for ‘evaluating ‘ scientific discipline was foremost proposed by Eugene Garfield in 1955 ( Garfield, 1955 ) . As merely a limited figure of diaries could be included in the Thomson Reuters ( TR ) databases ( presently totaling about 10500 ) , analyses based on such a limited dataset ( besides selected in a non-transparent manner by the TR ) has been widely and badly criticized by both the developed and developing states ( Molloy, 2007 ) . Although holding been widely criticized, the impact factor ( IF ) published in the Science Citation Index Journal Citation Reports by the Institute for Scientific Information is the most normally used bibliometric standard. It quantifies the influence of a periodical on secondary publications ( Garfield, 1999 ) , and is normally used non merely to rank and measure diaries, but besides for academic publicity or for the choice of research grant applications ( ) . There were coincident attempts to happen alternate indexs utilizing the TR databases, and through other advanced methods. Some of these include Google Scholar, PageRank, H-index, Y-factor, Faculty of 1000, Eigen Factor etc. ( Satyanarayana, 2010 ) .Impact factorThe impact factor was first described in 1955 by Dr. Eugene Garfield ( Jacso, 2001 ; Lundberg, 2003 ) and was used in the early 1960s to assist choice diaries for what would germinate to go the Science Citation Index ( Garfield, 1999 ) . The Science Citation Index, a commercial belongings of the Institute of Scientific Information ( Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ) ( Opthof, 1997 ) , is used to bring forth the Journal Citation Reports, produced yearly. The IF is a simple descriptive quantitative measuring of a diary ‘s public presentation computed on the footing of the mean figure of times articles from the diary published in the past two old ages have been cited in the current twelvemonth. It is calculated from this equation: Journal X ‘s 2009 impact factor = Citations in 2009 ( in diaries indexed by Thomson Reuters ) to all articles published by Journal X in 2007-2008 divided by Number of articles deemed to be â€Å" citable † by Thomson Reuters that were published in Journal X in 2007-2008 ( Gisvold, 1999 ) . The diary IF is presently calculated by Thomson Reuters based on commendation informations from the 6650 plus diaries indexed in the Web of Science database, which is so reported in the Journal Citation Reports ( JCR ) , a database that lists the diaries as per their commendation ranking ( Lundberg, 2003 ) . Impact factor is calculated utilizing the undermentioned expression:Impact of impact factorEver since the visual aspect of the JCR in 1972, there has been efforts to utilize the IF informations for comparings of scientific discipline, scientists, groups of scientists, scientific subjects, states and, of class, scientific diaries ( Satyanarayana & A ; Sharma, 2008 ; Seglen, 1997 ) . The IF is chiefly meant to be an index of the success of a paper in a diary and a alternate of its direct application in subsequent research. Such broad and indiscriminate application of IF and commendation informations frequently resulted in lopsided and unacceptable quality opinions, particularly on the scientific discipline and engineering capableness and strengths of states led to severe and serious unfavorable judgment of the really usage of citation-based informations for intents other than journal rating. Despite broad and sustained unfavorable judgment, commendation informations and IF continued br oad application by research workers to take diaries for reading and referencing and more significantly, tracking challengers ‘ publications and commendation profiles to stay competitory. Journal editors and publishing houses merely love impact factors and they use the IF as a major USP for pricing and selling the diaries at their will ( Kurmis, 2003 ; Monastersky, 2005 ) . Librarians continue to trust on impact factors and other commendation informations for make up one's minding which diaries to subscribe. Potential employers use citation-based parametric quantities to measure campaigners ‘ bibliography for determinations of engaging. Many establishments and Universities all over the universe continue to utilize the commendation informations for appraisal of academic excellence, publicities, awards and wagess. Funding bureaus besides seek commendation indices from appliers to measure undertakings for support. Learned societies and national scientific discipline academies and other such organic structures confabulating awards and wagess all over the universe usage commendation informations for determination devising ( Balaram, 2009 ) .Incorrect Application of Impact FactorsThe quality of an single scientific research paper is an highly hard construct to specify and quantify ( Bloch and Walter 2001 ) . The frequence of commendation has been adopte d as a unsmooth index of quality ( Saper 1999 ) . Although a high commendation rate may non ever be associated with high quality, most commendations in most documents are non refuted or discredited by the writers of the paper ( Callaham et al. 2002 ) . Therefore, it is still widely accepted among writers that commendation of work by others imparts a grade of prestigiousness and professional acknowledgment ( Reyes 1998 ) . While impact factors may be utile for the qualitative rating of diaries, the utility does non widen to single articles. In fact, it has been reported that 50 % of commendations recorded in the Science Citation Index come from merely 15 % of articles published ( Walsh and Weinstein 1998 ) and that the most cited 50 % of articles account for about 90 % of commendations ( Seglon 1997 ) . Therefore, the impact factor of a diary is likely to be mostly influenced by a little per centum of its published articles ( Hansson 1995 ) . Similarly, it is of import to observe that the impact factor does non reflect the quality of the peer-review to which a diary subjects its articles ( Neuberger and Counsell, 2002 ) . The Institute of Scientific Information itself suggests that the primary public-service corporation of the Journal Citation Reports is to help bibliothecs and research workers in pull offing journal aggregations. In turn toing the extension of this tool to academic rating, the Institute of Scientific Information states that, while the impact factor may supply a gross estimate of the prestigiousness of diaries, it does non rede utilizing this value as the exclusive agencies of comparative rating. Misunderstanding of the impact factor and inappropriate weighting of its importance have affected the author-journal relationship, frequently greatly act uponing writers ‘ choice of the diaries to which they submit their manuscripts ( Linardi et al. 1996 ) . Many writers may be tempted, or experience pressured, to choose the highest impact-factor-rated diaries likely to accept their article for publication while rejecting diaries whose mark audience may in fact be more suited and recept ive to the publication itself ( Meenen 1997 ) .Restriction of impact factorThough impact factor is widely accepted globally, it is besides criticized every bit good for some restrictions it possess. Some of the restrictions of impact factor are discussed in the followers: 1. Impact factor clearly favours diaries which publish work by writers who cite their ain forthcoming work and who are geographically situated to do their work readily available in preprint signifier. The step punishes diaries which publish the work of writers who do non hold rank of these unseeable colleges and is virtually incapable of observing echt impact ( McGarty, 2000 ) . 2. The 2nd computation job is statistical in nature: the JIF calculates the average figure of commendations to an article in the diary in inquiry. However, many writers have found that commendation distributions are highly skewed. Seglen ( 1997 ) for case found the most cited 15 % of documents to account for 50 % of commendations and the most cited 50 % for 90 % of the commendations. Hence on mean the most cited half of documents are cited nine times every bit much as the least cited half. 3. The impact factor can be influenced and biased ( deliberately or otherwise ) by many factors. 4. Extension of the impact factor to the appraisal of journal quality or single writers is inappropriate. 5. Extension of the impact factor to cross-discipline diary comparing is besides inappropriate. 6. Those who choose to utilize the impact factor as a comparative tool should be cognizant of the nature and premiss of its derivation and besides of its built-in defects and practical restrictions ( Kurmis, 2003 ) . 7. It must be recognized that the Science Citation Index includes merely about 5000 diaries ( Lankhorst & A ; Franchignoni, 2001 ) of an estimated universe sum of 126,000 ( Whitehouse, 2002 ; Seglen, 1997 ) ; therefore, it represents & lt ; 4 % of all diaries. Diaries non listed in the Science Citation Index database are frequently crudely referred to as holding no impact factor ( zero ) . This suggests, falsely, that 96 % , or 121,000, of diaries are ne'er officially cited. 8. Citation Index do non lend to impact factor computations ( Talamanca, 2002 ; Callaham et al. , 2002 ) . Seglen reported that, within the field of mathematics, publications that were non included in the Science Citation Index database were cited more often than were publications that were included ( Seglen, 1997 ) . 9. Review of the diaries included in the Science Citation Index database has besides shown an tremendous prejudice toward those published in English ( Bloch & A ; Walter, 2001 ; Neuberger & A ; Counsell, 2002 ; Whitehouse, 2002 ; Golder, 1998 ; Winkmann et al. , 2002 ) , with non-English-language diaries given lower impact factors ( Rogers, 2002 ; Dumontier et al. , 2001 ) . 10. Differences in commendation ( Saper, 1999 ) and citing ( Linardi et al. , 1996 ) inclinations within single Fieldss limit the cogency of cross-discipline comparing. For illustration, it has been reported that the average figure of mentions per article of biochemistry periodicals is three times that of mathematics periodicals ( Linardi et al. , 1996 ) . Some Fieldss encourage drawn-out mention lists, whereas others dictate more concise or restricted bibliographic listings ( Sieck, 2002 ) . Because of this, Linardi et Al. ( 1996 ) suggested that comparings of diaries on the footing of their impact factors should be limited entirely to intra-area rating ; they warned that inter-area comparings may be both inappropriate and deceptive. 11. Ease of entree to diaries, publication immediateness, and type of publication stuff have all been identified as subscribers to the impact factor. The handiness of diaries to writers and research workers can change ( Curti et al. , 2001 ) . Theoretically, diaries published more often ( Linardi et al. , 1996 ) may be more readily available for commendation or may cut down publication slowdown. The fact that a diary or article is available electronically may besides increase the rate of commendation and therefore the impact factor. 12. The type of research being reported can impact the journal impact factor because of commendation restrictions. Scientific articles tend to mention merely scientific articles, whereas clinical articles cite both scientific and clinical articles, therefore leting a much larger pool for commendation. In a similar context, general diaries tend to hold higher impact factors than specialist diaries because of the larger pool for commendation ( Hecht et al. , 1998 ; Saper, 1999 ) . 13. Finally, those who choose to utilize the impact factor as a step of quality must acknowledge that the Institute of Scientific Information is a private for-profit company that enjoys an undisputed monopoly on the market of citation-frequency recording. Therefore, despite the valuable part that this company has made to the scientific community, it does hold a commercial involvement in the development and application of its merchandises, which may non ever aline itself with pure academic purpose ( Rogers, 2002 ; Sieck, 2002 ) .Recommendation for bettering impact factors of DiariesLack of impact factor does non needfully bespeak hapless quality, unacceptableness and deficiency of freshness in the research work published. It is obvious that there are published a good no of novel and exciting documents in Bangladeshi diaries, but missing of on-line handiness those are non punctually apprehended and cited. To better commendation and impact factor, the undermentioned recommendations can be suggested – 1. Like many other diaries around the universe, Bangladeshi diaries can propose their writers to mention a figure of ( 5-10 ) articles from Bangladeshi Journals related to their subject and it can be considered as added benefit in accepting a manuscript. This will increase the commendation ratio and h-index, hence impact factor of the diaries. 2. Rapid on-line publication of all diaries and articles. 3. Search engine optimisation for the published article. 4. Scientists and research workers of Bangladesh should seek to mention more autochthonal publications in their documents wherever found relevant. 5. Research articles published in local diaries should be circulated more extensively throughout the state in print version and by e- mail. 6. Research workers of Bangladesh should regularly visit and survey documents published in local diaries which is presently extremely unsatisfactory. 7. Local diaries should better their reappraisal and publication procedure doing it quicker to print a paper so that autochthonal research workers feel involvement to print their work in local diaries. 8. Diaries should seek to be indexed in worldwide accepted journal systems and archives and databases such as ISI, SJR, Pubmed, Elsevier etc. 9. More review articles should be published as these articles attract more readers and are cited more than research studies. Therefore, reappraisal articles can raise the impact factor of the diary and reappraisal diaries will hence frequently have the highest impact factors in their several Fieldss. 10. Diaries may take non to print minor articles, such as instance studies in medical diaries, which are improbable to be cited and would cut down the mean commendation per article. 11. Diaries may alter the fraction of â€Å" citable points † compared to front-matter in the denominator of the IF equation. Which types of articles are considered â€Å" citable † is mostly a affair of dialogue between diaries and Thomson Scientific. As a consequence of such dialogues, impact factor fluctuations of more than 300 % have been observed. For case, columns in a diary are non considered to be citable points and hence do non come in into the denominator of the impact factor. However, commendations to such points will still come in into the numerator, thereby blow uping the impact factor. In add-on, if such points cite other articles ( frequently even from the same diary ) , those commendations will be counted and will increase the commendation count for the cited diary. This consequence is difficult to measure, for the differentiation between editorial remark and short original articles is non ever obvious. â€Å" Letterss to the editor † might mentio n to either category. 12. Diaries may print a big fraction of their documents, or preferentially documents which they expect to be extremely cited, early in the calendar twelvemonth. This gives those documents more clip to garner commendations. 13. Several methods, non needfully with villainous purpose, exist for a diary to mention articles in the same diary which will increase the diary ‘s impact factor.Alternate Indexs of journal impactRight from early 1970s, there have been serious efforts to analyze the restrictions of IF and other citation-based indices and to device alternate matrices that can turn to the lacks to do the rating exercises more nonsubjective. Equally early as 1976, a recursive impact factor and tried to calculate and analyse commendation informations to give commendations from diaries that have high impact greater weight than commendations from low impact diaries was proposed ( Narin & A ; Pinski, 1976 ) . The increasing web-based entree to and usage of scholarly literature through powerful hunt engines as Google has facilitated the development of advanced methods and tools to rank scholarly diaries. Such methods have helped farther polish the rating of both scientific discipline and scientists bo th within and outside the citation-based systems. Some of these include Page Rank, Weighed Page Rank, h-index, g-factor, y-factor, Euro Factor, Faculty of 1000, Eigen factor etc. ( Resnick, 2004 ) . There have besides been several efforts to use parametric quantities other than IF to analyze the issue of ‘popularity ‘ V ‘prestige ‘ of diaries, a major restriction of the IF and other citation-based indices. Many surveies have besides been done to compare the commendation based informations with the new and improved methodological analysiss ( Dellavalle et al. , 2007 ) . One such comparative analysis has shown that Y-factor ranking has helped get the better of at least one important restriction of the IF i.e. , the higher ranking of reappraisal diaries as compared to original research documents ( Satyanarayana & A ; Sharma, 2008 ) .Google Scholar:Google Scholar ( hypertext transfer protocol: //scholar.google.com ) is a free-to-use hunt engine developed in 2004 basically to turn up information from learned diaries and other beginnings on the Web. Due to its easy handiness, Google Scholar is possibly one of the most widely used tools by bookmans in all subjects of scientific discipline and engineering. Some particular maps of the Google Scholar include the ‘cited by ‘ option that provides links to other articles that have cited this paper, and more. It is frequently hard to obtain relevant information rapidly due to absence of sifting harmonizing to quality. The major restrictions of the hunt engine are that non all records retrieved are peer reviewed and hence quality is hard to judge. Besides, there is deficiency of lucidity on how the beginnings themselves are selected, content analyzed, the clip span covered how the listing is done ( Satyanarayana, 2010 ) .PagerankTMPageRank is a package system for ranking web pages developed by Google and has besides been applied to rank research publications. The advantage with this tool i s that it uses a wide scope of unfastened informations beginnings from the Google Scholar ( GS ) etc. that can turn up and recover big figure of records. PageRank algorithm references is the issue of ‘popularity ‘ and adept grasp or ‘prestige ‘ of published research that remains the major restriction of other databases like SCI through the Weighed PageRank. Popular diaries are those that are cited often by diaries could be with small prestigiousness. These diaries hence could hold a really high IF and a really low weighted PageRank. Esteemed diaries, on the contrary, are those may non be often cited, but their commendations come from extremely esteemed diaries. These diaries may hold a really low IF but a really high weighted PageRank. Analysis of diaries harmonizing to their ISI IF and their leaden PageRank shows important convergences and differences.h-index and g-indexThe h-index was introduced by Hirsch ( 2005 ) and is defined as follows: â€Å" A scient ist has index H if H of his/her Np documents have at least h commendations each, and the other ( Np-h ) documents have no more than h commendations each. † As a consequence the h-index provides a combination of both measure ( figure of documents ) and quality ( impact, or commendations to these documents ) ( Glanzel, 2006 ) . Therefore, the h-index is preferred to merely mensurating the entire figure of commendations as it corrects for â€Å" one hit admirations † , i.e. faculty members who might hold authored ( or even be the twentieth co-author of ) one or a limited figure of highly-cited documents, but have non shown an academic public presentation that has been sustained over a longer period of clip. The H index is besides preferred over a simple measuring of the figure of documents published as it corrects for documents that are non cited and hence can be argued to hold had limited impact on the field. In amount, the h-index favor faculty members that publish a uni nterrupted watercourse of documents with permanent and above-average impact ( Bornmann & A ; Daniel, 2007 ) . Hirsch index therefore measures the quality and sustainability and diverseness of scientific end product and therefore addresses the jobs with the SCI where a methodological paper could bring the highest impact. A major restriction is that scientists who are really productive tend to hold lower H figure. A disadvantage of the h-index is that it ignores the figure of commendations to each single article over and above what is needed to accomplish a certain h-index. Therefore an academic or diary with an h-index of 6 could theoretically hold a sum of 36 commendations ( 6 for each paper ) , but could besides hold more than a 5,000 commendations ( 5 documents with 1,000 commendations each and one paper with 6 commendations ) . Of class, in world these extremes will be really improbable. However, it is true that one time a paper belongs to the top H documents, its subsequent commendations no longer â€Å" count † ( Braun, 2005 ) . Hence, in order to give more weight to highly-cited articles Leo Egghe ( 2006 ) proposed the g-index. The g-index is defined as follows: [ Given a set of articles ] ranked in diminishing order of the figure of commendations that they received, the g-index is the ( alone ) largest figure such that the top g articles received ( together ) at least g2 commendations. Although the g-index has non yet attracted much attending or empirical confirmation, it would look to be a really utile complement to the h-index. The h-index and g-index have several of import advantages over the Thomson ISI JIF. First of wholly, these indices do non hold an unnaturally fixed clip skyline. Second, the h-index, and to a lesser extent the g-index, attenuates the impact of one extremely cited article, because – unlike citations-per-paper steps such as the JIF – the h-index and g-index are non based on average tonss. H-index measures the overall commendation impact of the diary, non in the commendation impact of one or two extremely cited single documents in that diary. h-index for diaries provides a robust step of sustained and lasting public presentation of diaries, instead than articles. Third, both the h-index and g-index are influenced to some extent by the figure of documents that a diary publishes. A diary that publishes a larger figure of documents has a higher likeliness of bring forthing a higher h-index and g-index since every article presents another opportunity for commendations ( Saad, 2006 ) .The Y-factorThe Y-factor is a simple combination of both the IF and the leaden PageRank. Significantly, the writers claim that the ensuing journal rankings correspond good to a general apprehension of journal position. For illustration, while the IF superior lists five reappraisal diaries, the Y-factor column had none. Two primary research diaries Cell and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, rated extremely by equals, figure in the Y-factor list ( Satyanarayana, 2010 ) .Faculty of 1000Peer ranking of research documents outside the commendation figure game has besides been tried and a outstanding one being the Faculty of 1000, a subscription-based literature consciousness tool. Faculty of 1000 comprehensively and consistently high spots and reviews the most interesting documents published in subjects as biological science, medical specialty etc. , based on the recommendations of 1000s of carefully chosen research workers. ( hypertext transfer protocol: // f1000biology.com/ about/faq ) . These Faculty members evaluate documents based on their perceived virtue than where they appear to germinate a consensus. The restrictions: the manner of choice of the module itself as besides the pick of documents considered to be of high quality as the diaries sample is about 1000 merely. The concluding F1000 Factor is consensual integrating the evaluations it receives and the figure of times it is selected by different Faculty Members. Outstanding work therefore gets its merited equal acknowledgment irrespective and independent of commendation counts ( Meho, 2009 ) .Tocopherol I g vitamin E n f a hundred T O RDeveloped by Carl Bergstrom, the Eigenfactor ( Bergstrom et al. , 2008 ) provides an on-line suite of tools that â€Å" ranks diaries much as Google ranks web sites † . The informations are taken from the Thomson Reuters databases. Available at no charge, the Eigenfactor is considered a step of the diary ‘s entire importance to th e scientific community. The â€Å" Article Influence † metric within the Eigenfactor is comparable to the impact factor, but that is merely one facet of the broader model.Other initiatives-Other current enterprises include the MESUR ( MEtrics from Scholarly Usage of Resources ) undertaking supported by Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, a two twelvemonth attempt to enrich â€Å" the toolkit used for the appraisal of the impact of scholarly communicating points, and hence of bookmans, with prosodies that derive from use informations † ( Banks et al. , 2008 ) . The MESUR is considered the most comprehensive attempt until now to analyze article impact rating techniques visa- six modern scholarly communicating patterns that have undergone a sea alteration over the last decennary.DecisionWhile the impact factor may, in certain fortunes, be a utile subjective tool for rating journal quality, it is non appropriate for choice appraisal of single articles or writers. The impact facto r is a tool whose utility is declining, but there is non yet a to the full feasible option to it. Therefore, when utilizing impact factor for comparing of diaries, cautiousness should be taken sing the built-in restrictions of impact factor.

Skrillex

Moore announced he had left From First to Last to pursue a solo career. He then launched a Myspace page displaying three demos (â€Å"Signal†, â€Å"Equinox†, and â€Å"Glow Worm†). This led to Moore's first performance since his leaving From First to Last. On April 7, 2007, alongside harpist Carol Robbins, Moore played several original songs at a local art building. After months of releasing demos via Myspace, Moore played on the Team Sleep Tour with a full band. The tour also featured supporting acts Monster in the Machine and Strata.Moore made several demo CDs available on this tour, limited to about 30 per show. These CDs were tour exclusive, and were packaged in â€Å"baby blue envelopes†, each with a unique drawing by Moore or bandmate. In February 2008, Alternative Press Magazine announced the second annual AP Tour, with All Time Low, The Rocket Summer, The Matches, and Forever the Sickest Kids, as well as Sonny Moore. The tour started in Houston, T exas on March 14 and went through North America, ending in Cleveland, Ohio on May 2, with the majority of the shows being sold out.All bands playing the tour would be featured on the cover of Alternative Press Magazine's annual 100 Bands You Need to Know special, and would be interviewed on the Alternative Press Podcast. During this tour Moore's line-up consisted of Sean Friday on drums, Christopher Null on guitar, and Aaron Rothe on keyboards. On April 7, 2009, he released Gypsyhook EP, a digital EP, which featured three songs and four remixes. Also included was a Japanese version of â€Å"Mora† entitled â€Å" † (â€Å"Kaisui†). Physical copies of the EP were available at his shows.After going on tour with Innerpartysystem and Paper Route and opening for Chiodos on their European tour, Moore performed at Bamboozle on May 2. He performed on Bamboozle Left's Saints and Sinners stage on April 4. He toured with Hollywood Undead in April 2009 performing under the b and name Sonny and the Blood Monkeys, with Chris Null (electric guitar), Sean Friday (drums, percussion & beats) and Aaron Rothe (keyboards, synthesizers, programming & turntables) Although no official statement has been given regarding the album, Moore has stated that Bells will no longer be released.

Selected Topics on Business Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2180 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Business Law Table of Contents Case 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Invitation to Treat Case 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Postal Rule Case 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Undue Influence Case 4 Frustration Reference Case 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Invitation to Treat On the 7th of June 2013, Paul went to Midvalley Megamall to buy some gifts for the upcoming birthdayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s party of his friend Wayne. Paul saw an expensive Sony smart watch on display took it and while walking to the cashier counter, saw another watch, Samsung and was taken by it. He immediately returned the Sony smart watch in favor the new one. The manager of the shop, who was watching Paul, was not satisfied with Paulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s action and told Paul he has to pay for the Sony watch as he had picked up the Sony watch. The manager argued, by picking up the Sony watch Paul has accepted the offer by the shop. Paul got into a heated argument with the manager and stormed out of the Midvalley Mall. On the 20th of June, Paul received a letter of demand from Midvalley Megamall for the payment of the Sony smart watch. Is Paul liable to pay for the Sony smart watch? Discuss. Answer: According to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Offerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ element in the esse ntial elements of the Contract law, it is the customer who makes the offer by taking the goods and placing it on the shopkeeper or cashierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s counter, and the shopkeeper or cashier accepts the offer by accepting the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s money. The price displayed on the goods is not an offer where it is only an invitation for the customer to make an offer, thus it is an invitation to treat. Besides, the law gives the shopkeeper or cashier the right whether to accept or reject the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offer. Thus, referring to the law above, the contract in Paulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case is not liable. While Paul was walking to the cashier counter with the Sony smart watch, he saw another watch, Samsung and he immediately returned the Sony smart watch. The manager must have mistaken about the law and thought that Paul had accepted the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"offerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ made by the shop by picking up the Sony watch on display and thus, charged Paul g uilty. Here, we clearly get to know that Paul has not make the offer to buy the Sony smart watch yet, where he has not place it on the cashierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s counter. Paul shall not be liable for any product yet as long as he has not place the product on the counter and has not made any offer. Paulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case is also supported firmly by a previous case with a very similar situation. Based on the case of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemist Ltd. in the year of 1953, Pharmaceutical Society claims that Boots, which displays drugs on self-service basis, is against the law because pharmaceutical products must be carried out by a qualify pharmacist. The court held that the display of goods in the store was not an offer but only an invitation to treat. It was the customer who made the offer by placing the goods in cashierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s counter and the shop/cashier could either accept or reject the offer. Acceptance was made at the ringing up of the price by the cashier. Thus, this case further strengthens Paulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s standing to prove that he is not liable to pay for the Sony smart watch as there is not a single offer or acceptance taken place yet. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Selected Topics on Business Law" essay for you Create order Case 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Postal Rule The next day, on the 8th June 2013, Paul received a flyer from Zalatan advertising a Mini Ipad tablet for sale. Paul wrote a letter to show his interest on the tablet and Zalatan replied on the 9th of June offering the tablet for RM 999. Paul received the letter on 10th of June and posted the letter of acceptance on 11th of June. On the 12th of June tablet was sold to Christina when she visited the shop. Paulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s letter was only received by Zalatan on the 17th of June. Paul got to know that the Mini Ipad tablet has been sold to Christina. Discuss as to who shall have the right to buy the tablet. Answer: According to Postal rule, acceptance takes effect when the letter is posted. Acceptance that is sent by post or any other appropriate and reasonable means of communication between the parties is completed on the date that the letter was posted. Even if the letter is destroyed, delayed, or lost during the posting process, the acceptance is still effective. In this situation, Paul shall have the right to buy the tablet because contract is formed when the letter of acceptance is posted which is on 11th of June. In Paulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case, he received a flyer from the seller, Zalatan on 8th June 2013 which showed that a Mini Ipad tablet is for sale, where he then wrote a letter to show interest on the tablet and Zalatan replied on 9th June 2013 showing that he will offer the tablet for RM999. Although an advertising flyer is considered to be an invitation to treat, Paul has made his offer to Zalatan to show his interest and Zalatan replied him with the condition to sell the tablet at RM999 which is a counter offer. The counter offer from Zalatan was accepted by Paul on 11th June 2013 which is the next day after he received the counter offer. Zalatan will be able to revoke his offer before Paul sends his acceptance. In other words, Zalatanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s revocation letter should be received by Paul before the 11th of June whic h was before the letter of acceptance was posted. Since Zalatan did not send any revocation of his offer, thus Paul remains his right to purchase the tablet. This case is similar to Adam V Lindsellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case where Paul is facing the same situation as Adam the buyer. In Adam V Lindsellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case, Lindsell who is the seller, make an offer to sell wool to Adam on 2nd Sept 1871. Adam received the offer on 5th Sept 1871 and replied his acceptance to Lindsell on the same day. Before Lindsell received the letter of acceptance on 9th Sept 1871, he had already sold the wool to another buyer on 8th Sept 1871. It is similar to Paul that before his letter of acceptance was received by Zalantan on 17th June 2013, Zalatan had already sold the tablet to Christina which is another buyer on 12th June 2013. In both cases, acceptance was already sent by the buyer but before it had been received, the seller had already sold the products to another customer. Referring t o the Postal rule, the court held that in Adam V Lindsellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case, acceptance is effective when it is posted which is on 5th Sept 1871. Therefore by referring to Adam v Lindsellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case, Paul shall have the right to buy the tablet. Since both cases are similar on what was happening at the moment, Paul should able to refer to Adam V Lindsellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case and remain his right to buy the tablet. Case 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Undue Influence Paul, who was working for Mr.Fergusson was called to Mr.Fergussonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s office. Mr.Fergusson asked Paul to sign a contract, which declares that Paul has to transfer 20% of his properties to Mr.Fergusson. Paul being afraid that Mr.Fergusson would fire him from his job, agreed to sign the contract. Paul realized that he had more to lose when he agreed to sign the contract with Mr.Fergusson. He comes to you looking for advice as to whether he can escape the obligations of the contract between himself and Mr. Fergusson. What would be your advice in this case? Answer: A contract has to be made by the mutual agreement between the parties out of their own free will. Section 19 and 20 provides that when consent to an agreement is caused by coercion, fraud or misrepresentation, or undue influence, the agreement is considered a voidable contract at the option of the party whose consent was so caused. Thus, Paul can escape from the obligations of the contract between him self and Mr. Fergusson by proving that there was undue influence. Undue influence occurs between two parties who have special à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fiduciaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  relationship. It arises when one of the party to a contract use his/her special relationship with the other party to influence that other party into making a contract. Such relationship includes parent-child relationship, doctor-patient relationship and solicitor-client relationship. Referring to the contract law mentioned above, undue influence can be proved in this case as there is a special relationship between Paul and Mr. Fergusson as employer-employee. This special relationship influenced Paul to sign the contract which declares that he has to transfer 20% of his properties to Mr. Fergusson. Paulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consent was not freely given as he was asked by his employer, Mr. Fergusson to sign the contract and he was afraid that if he refuses to sign the contract, Mr. Fergusson would fire him. Thus, he agreed to sign the contract resulted from the influence of Mr. Fergussonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s special relationship with him. Comparing both Paulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s situation to Inche Noriah v Shaik Allie Bin Omar (1929)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case, both involved transfer of property and specific relationship between parties. In Inche Noriah v Shaik Allie Bin Omar (1929) case, an old and illiterate woman gave her property to her nephew who had been managing her affairs without knowing that the gift comprised practically the whole of her property. Therefore in Inche Noriah v Shaik Allie Bin Omar (1929) case, the court held that there was an undue influence that cause by the relationship between parties and it was not rebutted. In Paulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s situation, he may refer to Inche Noriah v Shaik Allie Bin Omar (1929) case because both cases are similar. Since Paulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consent to the agreement was caused by undue influence, thus according to Section 19 and 20, the c ontact is voidable at Paulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s option. It means that Mr. Fergusson cannot force Paul to perform the contract. Whereas, Paul can repudiate the contract and escape from the obligations of the contract between himself and Mr. Fergusson but Paul must return any advantage that he has received from the contract to Mr. Fergusson. Case 4 Frustration The following week, Paul who was famous singer invited subsequently signed a contract to perform in a concert in KL between 5 to 7th of July 2013 with Giggs Company. When he was preparing to travel to KL in 3rd of July, Hayan Storm cancelled all flight in Manila Airport. Giggs Company threatens to sue Paul base on breach of contract. Advise him. Answer: According to Section 57(2), it states that after the contract is made, the promisor is able to void the contract when the act becomes impossible and unlawful. A contract that is discharged means that parties are released from their obligations. Discharge can happen when the event is frustrated. Frustration occurs when the law recognizes that when either party without intention or default is unable to perform or incapable to perform, then the contract is said to be void or discharged. In this case, Paul who was a popular singer had signed a contract with Giggs Company to perform in a concert in Kuala Lumpur (KL). The con cert happen at 5th to 7th of July 2013 and at 3rd of July 2013 when Paul wanted to travel to KL, the flight was cancelled due to Hayan Storm which is unexpected and unpreventable by Paul. Paul does not need to pay for the losses to Giggs Company. The fact is that the Hayan Storm was the reason of non-performance of contract by Paul and Hayan Storm is natural disaster which caused the flight to be impossible to take off. In this case, it is impossible for Paul and Giggs Company to have known about it earlier and prevent it from happening therefore, either party are not at fault of the event. It can be concluded that even if Giggs Company bring any legal action against Paul, it will end up that Paul need not have to pay any damages to Giggs Company. In the case à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Robinson v Davison (1871)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, the principle has laid down where the frustration of contract takes place when the performer fell ill and could not play on the appointed date. The court held th at as it was not her fault that she was unable to perform, thus the contract was frustrated. Due to the condition in both case are similar, therefore it was able to further prove and explain that Paul is not liable for the damages that is caused by Hayan Storm and Giggs Company will not able to claim its damages from Paul because unable to perform is not the intention of Paul and instead it was impossible for him to perform. In a nutshell, Paul is not liable for the allegation claimed by Giggs Company because the non-performance by Paul can be discharged by the way of frustration as there was a supervening event, the Hayan Strom, which prevented Paul from being performed the contract. Reference Jacob, C. J. (2011). Principles of Malaysian Business Law . Malaysia: Pearson. 1